Chapter Iv Cost-Benefit Analysis. Major Capital Cost Items

CHAPTER IV: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Major capital cost items for a wave farm include: initial and replacement WEC devices, moorings and foundations, power conditioning equipment at the hub and submarine cables, grid connections, and environmental permits. Additional non-capital costs include annualized operations and maintenance, and personnel costs. A formal request for information (RFI) was sent to OPT. The RFI asked for WEC performance data and cost specifics. They declined to respond to the RFI completely. The wave energy industry considers almost all design information extremely proprietary and compromise competitive advantages if specifications are released. Consequently, WEC device performance specifications were limited to that of†¦show more content†¦The total installation cost is estimated between 4 and 5 million dollars (Jarocki). Maintenance costs for WECs are expected to be substantial due to the inherent challenges of operating in a marine environment. Seawater is exceptionally corrosive, and the variable loads and shock forces that WECs will be subjected to will require frequent intervention and mitigation. Offshore oil and gas operations have shown that offshore operation and maintenance (OM) costs are typically 5-10 times higher than similar onshore activities. Survivability and device failure are further issues that will drive up operational costs and demand high safety requirements and strict tolerances. Historical buoy data shows that significant wave heights of 10 to 11 m occur every few years in Delaware (Service 2005). Additionally, the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted surfaces (biofouling) poses risks to underwater construction, structural stability, and efficiency of power absorption. There is a recommended 3-month maintenance period for the OPT buoy technology (Ocean Power Technologies 2016). Although there is minimal industry experience in actual OM costs, rough comparisons may be made from analogous industries, such as offshore oil and gas or offshore wind energy. All cost estimates to date are based onShow MoreRelatedBiness Plan5741 Words   |  23 PagesProducts and Services 7 2.1 Product Description 7 2.2 Competitive Comparison 7 2.3 Sales Literature / Publications 8 2.4 Sourcing 8 2.5 Future Products 8 3. Marketing plan/Market Analysis Summary 9 3.1 Market Segmentation 9 3.2 Target market segment strategy 9 3.3 Industry Analysis 9 3.3.1 Competition and Buying Pattern 10 3.3.2 Main Competitors 10 4. Strategy and Implementation Summary 11 4.1 Marketing Strategy 11 4.1.1 Promotional Advertising StrategyRead MoreCapstone Project15365 Words   |  62 Pages.......................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Definition of the Problem ............................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 3: Methodology ..............................................................................................Read MoreBudget and Budgetary Control Practices in the College of Technology Education Kumasi13619 Words   |  55 Pagessector models of organisational structure, management systems, accounting and budgetary control practices, accountability relationships to accomplish the desired commonwealth government changes (Boyce,2002; Gioia Thomas,1996; Simkins,2000). Internal cost centres, budgeting and budgetary controls, flattening of hierarchies, the fostering of competition between employees, public relations, the monitoring of efficiency and effectiveness through measurement of outcomes, the introduction of accrual accountingRead MoreAn Appraisal of the Application of Cost and Management Accounting Techniques in Nigerian Manufacturing Companies: a Case Study of Benue Breweries Company Limited2637 Words   |  11 Pages AN APPRAISAL OF THE APPLICATION OF COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING TECHNIQUES IN NIGERIAN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES: A CASE STUDY OF BENUE BREWERIES COMPANY LIMITED TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page - - - - - - - - - - i Approval Stage - - - - - - - - - ii Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iii Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - iv Table of contents - - - - - - - - - v Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the study - - -Read MoreFinancial Management Test6559 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿Take Home Chapter 8-9 Student: ____________________________________________________________ _______________ 1.  The difference between an investment s market value and its cost is called the:   A.  present value. B.  net present value. C.  capital value. D.  cash flow. E.  net income.    2.  The payback period is the period of time it takes an investment to generate sufficient cash flows to:   A.  earn the required rate of return. B.  produce the required net income. C.  produce a yield equalRead MoreFundamentals of Corporate Finance 9e82683 Words   |  331 Pageshttp://helpyoustudy.info Chapter 01 - Introduction to Corporate Finance Chapter 01 Introduction to Corporate Finance Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one of the following terms is defined as the management of a firm s long-term investments? A. working capital management B. financial allocation C. agency cost analysis D. capital budgeting E. capital structure Refer to section 1.1 AACSB: N/A Difficulty: Basic Learning Objective: 1-1 Section: 1.1 Topic: Capital budgeting 2. WhichRead MoreInventory Management Systems9739 Words   |  39 Pagesmainly through the interviews with the top manager and other staff involved in inventory control operations. Secondary data is retrieved from the information system to provide the annual purchasing and sales report about twenty items using a purposive sampling approach. Data analysis follows the theoretical framework. Conclusion: Small businesses have limited financial resources and bargaining power. Long-distance suppliers, big fluctuation of demand and lack of formalized inventory control system resultRead MoreApics Exam Questions Essay32505 Words   |  131 Pages(Arnold, Introduction to Materials Management, Chapter 1). [pic] Question Number: 2 BASICS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MGMT (BSCM) :Businesswide Concepts In order to maximize profit, a company must have all of the following objectives except: A) Best customer service B) Most accurate production forecast C) Lowest inventory investment D) Lowest distribution cost The correct answer is: B A company, to maximize profits, must have the lowest production cost, best customer service, lowest inventoryRead MorePROJECT ON BHEL CAPITAL BUDGETING17740 Words   |  71 Pagesï » ¿A STUDY ON â€Å"CAPITAL BUDGETING† WITH REFEREENCE TO BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICIAL LIMITED A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirments for the awards of degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BY DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (AFFILIATED TO OSMANIA UNIVERSITY) 2007-2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere thanks are due to all who have helped me in various ways in the course of the project. I am deeply grateful to MR.P.V.ARUN KUMAR for givingRead MoreFinancial Statement Analysis Chp0064811 Words   |  20 PagesChapter 06 Analyzing Operating Activities       Multiple Choice Questions    1.  Which of the following is not a reason for economic income and accounting income to differ?   A.  Transaction basis B.  The monetary assumption C.  Conservatism D.  Earnings management    2.  As a general rule, revenue is normally recognized when it is:   A.  measurable and earned. B.  measurable and received. C.  realizable and earned. D.  realizable.    3.  Which of the following measures of accounting income is typically reported

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease...

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to absolute (Type 1 diabetes) or relative (Type 2 diabetes) deficiency of insulin hormone (World Health Organization, 1999). Diabetes affects almost every organ system in the body due to metabolic problems caused by hyperglycemia, especially in undiagnosed or uncontrolled individuals (World Health Organization, 1999). Until recently it was believed that diabetes affected mainly developed countries, but recent research reveals an increase in the number of type 2 diabetes cases in developing countries (Chuang, 2002; Kinra, 2010; Narayanappa, 2011). Diabetes is associated with complications such as cardiovascular diseases, renal†¦show more content†¦At first, the pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for the insulin resistance, but after a while there is a steady decline in pancreatic cells and the organ is not able to make enough insulin to maintain blood glucose within normal levels. In type 1 diabetes, however, there is an absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells (Alemzadeh and Ali, 2011). Glucose is a simple sugar found in food that provides energy to the cells in the body. More complex sugars are broken down in the small intestine and the glucose released is then absorbed into the bloodstream, whereby is it distributed throughout the body. However, glucose needs insulin to enter the cells. Without insulin, the cells become deprived of energy despite the presence of abundant glucose in the blood, and some of the abundant, unused glucose is wasted in the urine. These sustained high blood glucose levels disrupt homeostasis in the body and produce a series of metabolic problems that affect multiple organ systems (Alemzadeh and Ali, 2011). In the following sections I will discuss in detail the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and the ways to diagnose, treat and manage this pervasive disease. Pathophysiological Mechanism Type 1 Diabetes The underlying fault in type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Because of this theShow MoreRelatedDiabetes Mellitus And The Long Term Complications1385 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral idea of diabetes mellitus, epidemiology, role factors and complications that arise from it, comparing and exhibiting the distinctions between type I type II diabetes, the people who are in jeopardy of developing diabetic renal diseases and hypertension due to the complications identifying the general pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus the long term complications that may transpire. Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is one of the very prevalent metabolic diseases that affectRead MoreDiabetes : The Common Chronic Disorders1737 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic disorders in UK [1]. According to Silverman, more than 2.6 million people in UK are diabetic as according to data collected from GP practices and more than 5 million obese people are registered to GP practices. So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% menRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Major Public Health Problem Worldwide Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus has increased in recent years due to bad eating habits and inactivity. Diabetes Mellitus is a major public health problem worldwide. Improved testing accuracy has improved which has confirmed more cases. There are two types of diabetes. In this paper I will explain the differences in both types of Diabetes and complications that are commonly associated with this disease, as well as tre atment and plan of care for this disease. (American Medical Association) Type I DiabetesRead MoreTypes Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus1713 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: â€Å"high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weightRead MoreType 1 Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1711 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that occurs when insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or are being destroyed (Mahan, Escott-Stump Raymond, 2012). The gradual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas usually leads to complete insulin deficiency, which ultimately manifests itself in the following symptoms at clinical onset: â€Å"high blood glucose (hyperglycemia), frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and a significant amount of weightRead MoreEssay on Diabetes Mellitus1282 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes mellitus is a collection of common metabolic disorders. The scenario of passing large amount of urine is described by the Greek and Roman physicians as diabetes whereas the term mellitus refers to sweet taste (Barrett, Barman, Boitano, Brooks, 2012). The name of the disease reveals one of the important clinical manifestation, that is, passing sweet-tasted urine, and in the other word, the presence of sugar in the urine. Besides that, Funk (2010) stated that there are three most commonRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Group Of Metabolic Diseases That Affect How Your Body Uses Blood Glucose949 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic diseases that affect how your body uses blood glucose. Glucose is important to health because it is the source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and tissues. It is also the brain s main source of fuel. The disease is characterized by hyperglycemia that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is estimated that 8.3% of the United States population have diabetes and another 7 million are undiagnosed (HuetherRead MoreEar Infection: Overview of Otitis Externa1152 Words   |  5 Pagescontinue and becomes a chronic condition. â€Å"Rheumatoid Arthritis is the autoimmune inflammatory condition that involves an immune response to the synovial membrane, causing synovitis. Proteins are released at the site or where the joint inflammation is. This eventually causes damage to the cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments of the affected joint. This eventually causes the joint to lose its shape and alignment, causing deformity and great pain. It is believed that the disease is triggered by anRead MoreFactors Contributing Risk Factors For Diabetes Mellitus802 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrinal disease characterized by elevated blood glucose level, diagnosed by laboratory blood analysis with random glucose level 200mg/dL and fasting blood glucose of ≠¥126mg/dL.1 Risk factors The risk factors of T2DM are mainly attributed to the lifestyles and behavioral factors. Although the etiology cannot be pinpointed on a single cause it is proved that obesity, socioeconomic conditions and genetic factors increase the risk of T2DM. (Cite)Read MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And Diabetes Mellitus1428 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Problems, Issues or Disease Progress of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus refers to a chronic human health condition characterized by prolonged high sugar level in the blood. A group of metabolic disorders like, seizures, lethargy, and jaundice among others, which occur when chemical reactions abnormally alter the normalcy of the body’s metabolic processes, causes this condition. Diabetes occurs mainly because of two issues; due to inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas, and due

Ethical Principles free essay sample

NAEYC have a Statement of Commitment; however, isn’t part of the organization’s Code of Ethics; instead, it is used as a tool, for personal acknowledgement of an individuals willingness to embrace the distinctive values and moral obligations of the field of early childhood care and education. The primary focus of the NAEYC Code of Ethics is to provide a basic but solid structure for daily childcare and education practices with children and their families in programs for children from birth through 8 years of age in any possible setup for example: preschool and pre-kindergarten, child care centers, hospital and family child care homes; kindergartens, and primary classrooms. NAEYC has structure their organization on a commitment to the following core values: †¢Appreciate childhood as a unique and valuable stage of the human life cycle †¢Base our work on knowledge of how children develop and learn †¢Appreciate and support the bond between the child and family †¢Recognize that children are best understood and supported in the context of family, culture, community, and society †¢Respect the dignity, worth, and uniqueness of each individual (child, family member, and colleague) †¢Respect diversity in children, families, and colleagues †¢Recognize that children and adults achieve their full potential in the context of relationships that are based on trust and respect. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Principles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These core values represent the foundation for all childhood care and education and they are deeply rooted in the history of the same. As we can see the organization has ingrained a well established group of Ethics in the organizations mission and governance structure. The National Association for the Education of Young Children Code of Ethics ideals and principles adhere to the organization a conceptual framework of professional responsibilities that can be divided in four main levels of professional responsibility.

Who are the Norwegian Americans an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Who are the Norwegian Americans We, Norwegian Americans, are the successors of Norwegian immigrants who came to the United States in the later half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. We have the contribution of more than 4.5 million people in the population of America (Wikipedia). Though we were spread everywhere in America but mainly we live in the Upper Midwest and West. Need essay sample on "Who are the Norwegian Americans" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed We are supposed to be the first Europeans to discover America. Most of us who first migrated to America were farmers and fishers. Due to our quiet and simple way of living, we were oppressed in our homeland and the first group of us migrated to America in 1825 and after it was followed by others. That time it was considered that only the descendant of a Norwegian parent who had The US citizenship was a Norwegian American. University Students Frequently Tell EssayLab support:Who wants to write assignment for me?Professional writers suggest: Get Your Essay Before The DeadlineBuy Essay Online Cheap Writers For Hire College Essay Writing Service Cheap Reliable Essay Writing Service Now ethnic membership in the United States has turned into subjective through the new aspect of Census 2000, which is called subjective identification. According to this if anybody feels that he is a Norwegian American then he is. This rule says that anyone whether a black, an Eskimo or a Latino has the right to think that he is a Norwegian American. Migration: The main reasons that forced us to leave our country, Norway, were poverty, growth of population, national dependency, religious containment and fighting for the freedom from Sweden and World War I. For getting better living many of us left our old country. Economical condition became the major cause of migration. Social and Political differences between America and Norway compelled us to migrate to the United States. In Norway, social system used to be very strict. Lower status people had to show the respect to the higher class publicly. On the other hand the United States did not have such kind of discrimination so we found it an interesting place to live. Politically also we got more freedom in United States such as right of vote. Economically also we found this place much more attractive. In the United States there were many job opportunities and also the wages were higher than Norway. The earning potential was too good. Many newspaper and authors in Norway appreciated the job possibilities in America. In the period of 1864, The Bergenposten gave the advertisement for many mining jobs in Lake Superior region. Earlier Norwegian settlers in America used to send letters to their family members and friends back to their homeland about the advantages of living in the United States and request them to give them company. They were successful also in calling the higher rate of migrants to join them. First these migrants join the original Norwegian settlements but later they decided to move in the west direction where the land was abundant and not that expensive. Many farmers and laborers settled themselves there. After the Dakota conflict of 1862 and the Civil War Norwegian settlement expanded to the Minnesota River Valley where it was easy to find a land through the treaty of Traverse des Sioux. Consequences: December 19, 1894, the leading Norwegian newspaper, Scandinavian of Chicago published an article with the subtitle C.P. Railway Lures Norwegian Farmers Out into the Wilderness that said the story of the farmers in America how they had been unfortunate in the United States and were in debt over their ears. It said in details how the Canadians helped these farmers in paying of their mortgages. The paper also told how these poor farmers in Minnesota and Dakotas became debt prisons. In the United states the financial condition of farm laborers became terrible. It was estimated that by the period of 1910, approximately half of the farms in Dakota were mortgaged. In the area of Red River Valley, the tenants used to pay high rentals and the cost of the production was also high (Bjork, Kenneth O., 2005). On the other hand, high land value proved a boon to owners and they could sell their lands on good rates and equally could purchase a good land at lower prices. Immigrants faced different problems than the pioneers during the period of mass migration. They faced all kind of problems such as social, political and personal problems during the process of migration, assimilation and acculturation (Zempel, 1991, p. xi, xii). References: Bijork, Kenneth O., Scandinavian Migration to the Canadian Prairie Provinces, 1893-1994, 2005, Volume 26, P. 3 Norwegian Americans, Noams

Free Essays on Evil Empire

Evil Empire â€Å"The devil is in all of you!† At least that’s what heavy metal vocalist Rob Zombie believes about the people of America. Although some may believe that he himself is a messenger of the devil, Rob may be on the right track. Recent events that occurred in New York define what is it is to be truly evil. Questions start to emerge in our minds such as, â€Å"Why would someone do something like that?† â€Å"What posses someone to fly a plane into a building killing thousands?† â€Å"Are we really capable of being that evil?† Unfortunately, the proof is blinding. We are in deed capable of such malicious acts and will, have, go through with them. The answer to why we act in such a way is in it self a very difficult question to be defined. No one will ever know exactly why, but few have their theories. Thomas Wolfe is one of those men who have come up with the metaphoric reason to the simple, yet complex question, â€Å"Why?† By examining poems such as â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† Wolfe creates his own vision of evil by representing it in the real world. Although maybe not totally politically correct by using a black man to be this household of evil innocence, Wolfe enhances his idea by symbolically blackening the evil, even if it’s only skin deep. Darkness is the bearer of evil in a white man’s world. Poor Dick, after having lived in such a world of racism and a sort of post slavery state of mind, he turns to the good book to keep his emotions from becoming to temperamental. But one can only repress such malice behavior for so long before they snap. In the case of Dick Prosser, his time to snap has come. After being semi-servant of Shepperton’s, and constantly being told to do or not to do things, Dick obtains a rifle and stores it in his quarters until â€Å"Christmas time.† The townspeople all seem to favor Dick with kindness, and would never expect him to act in any sort of... Free Essays on Evil Empire Free Essays on Evil Empire Evil Empire â€Å"The devil is in all of you!† At least that’s what heavy metal vocalist Rob Zombie believes about the people of America. Although some may believe that he himself is a messenger of the devil, Rob may be on the right track. Recent events that occurred in New York define what is it is to be truly evil. Questions start to emerge in our minds such as, â€Å"Why would someone do something like that?† â€Å"What posses someone to fly a plane into a building killing thousands?† â€Å"Are we really capable of being that evil?† Unfortunately, the proof is blinding. We are in deed capable of such malicious acts and will, have, go through with them. The answer to why we act in such a way is in it self a very difficult question to be defined. No one will ever know exactly why, but few have their theories. Thomas Wolfe is one of those men who have come up with the metaphoric reason to the simple, yet complex question, â€Å"Why?† By examining poems such as â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† Wolfe creates his own vision of evil by representing it in the real world. Although maybe not totally politically correct by using a black man to be this household of evil innocence, Wolfe enhances his idea by symbolically blackening the evil, even if it’s only skin deep. Darkness is the bearer of evil in a white man’s world. Poor Dick, after having lived in such a world of racism and a sort of post slavery state of mind, he turns to the good book to keep his emotions from becoming to temperamental. But one can only repress such malice behavior for so long before they snap. In the case of Dick Prosser, his time to snap has come. After being semi-servant of Shepperton’s, and constantly being told to do or not to do things, Dick obtains a rifle and stores it in his quarters until â€Å"Christmas time.† The townspeople all seem to favor Dick with kindness, and would never expect him to act in any sort of...

5 Marketing Techniques That Will Increase Your Traffic

5 Marketing Techniques That Will Increase Your Traffic We’re all familiar with the product upsell. You’re paying for your coffee and the clerk asks if you’d like a bagel to go with it. Or, you’re trying to check out online and the website keeps offering you new deals to consider. These are upselling and cross selling techniques. When done right, they work. When done poorly, they annoy the heck out of people who just want to give you their money so they can go on their merry way. You don’t want to annoy people who are trying to give you money. What if you applied some of these same marketing techniques to your content? Could you get more traffic, more readership, more leads? And, more importantly, could you help your readers more than you are now? 5 Offbeat Marketing Techniques That Will Increase Your Traffic The Difference Between The Two Upselling is not the same as cross selling. What is  cross  selling? Cross selling has to do with related products. It’s selling a customer something that they might be interested in based on what they’re already buying. Amazon does a great job with cross selling, letting you know what products customers typically purchase with the item you’re looking at. Getting a new external hard drive? You might be interested in this USB cord. Buying a new TV? You might be interested in a sound bar. What is upselling? Upselling is when you aren’t so much interested in selling a customer a product related to the one they intend to buy, but instead want to sell them a higher-end version of it. Purchasing Samsonite luggage? Why not consider Louis Vuitton. The motivation and method behind these sales approaches are quite different. How do you use  them? When you cross sell, you hone in on what the customer needs, and offer additional products or services because you think they could be a help. Upselling is less about what the customer needs and more about painting a rosy picture of how the more expensive item has more value for them. Cross selling is helpful. Upselling relies more on the narrative. Both meet a kind of need, the former being a real need and the latter being a felt need. Neither will work if all you do is list features during the sale. It’s additional value (cross selling) vs. higher value (upselling). It’s lateral (cross selling) vs. vertical (upselling). How To Apply Upselling And Cross Selling Techniques To Your #ContentMarketingPutting It To Work In Your Content Let’s say that your readers are your customers (because they are). Getting new customers costs much more than keeping the ones you already have, even though most of us get caught up in focusing on getting new ones. According to the book Marketing Metrics (hat tip: GrooveHQ), selling to a new customer carries a probability of 5–20%. Selling to an existing customer sits at 60–70%. Upselling and cross selling take an existing customer and extract more value from them. These techniques  also make for a happier customer, particularly if you’re really hitting their needs and providing help. 5 #MarketingTechniques make for a happier customer, especially if you are hitting their needs.#1. Be A Good Listener These two marketing techniques rely heavily on listening to your customer. You’ve heard the recommendation to pay attention to what’s being said to customer support to get ideas on content to create. You should also use what you’re learning there to spot where upselling and cross selling might work. The key here is not to listen so that you can sell, but to listen to see if you have a solution to offer. When an upsell or cross sell is done correctly, you make a profit, yes, but more importantly, you create a deeper relationship with the customer. #2. Be Specific With Your Offer A good in-post call to action (CTA) is one that makes sense and taps into the likely needs of the reader. Offering a free laundry detergent sample pack in the middle of a post about marketing makes no sense. On this blog, we like to offer related ebooks and worksheets that go along with the content for those readers who want something to print out and use offline. Upselling and cross selling must make sense for the specific customer and situation. It cannot be a blanket approach. For example, when you are buying a candy bar at a Big Box store and the clerk at the register sees a prompt on his computer and asks, in monotone, if you’d like to apply for a store credit card and save 10%. 10%. On a candy bar. Or when you are trying to check out of an online store and you have to go through page after page of â€Å"add this! do you want this?! get this!† and none of the offers have anything to do with what you want to buy. Upselling and cross selling work best on an individual level, or an audience-specific level. Unrelated and nonsensical attempts at upselling and cross selling numb your customer to ever buying. #3. Sell Benefits, Not Features People buy things to solve problems. That’s it. Granted, they might buy things that â€Å"solve† a problem in a roundabout or seemingly unrelated way (e.g. buying expensive clothes because of a self esteem issue, or shopping because of boredom), but the gist of it is that we spend money because there is a problem that needs solving. Features might solve problems, but they need to be translated into benefits in order for customers to see what problems they solve. Neil Patel uses GoDaddy as an example (and boy, does that company like to do the upsell) of mistaking features as the selling point. From the QuickSprout blog. â€Å"How To Upsell Your Customers† Patel points out that GoDaddy tends to sell based on features without really explaining why these features are a benefit. The customer isn’t clearly told why these might be useful. Take a look at your CTAs at the end of your blog posts and email. Are you selling the benefits or the features? Do you tell your readers why they should do something, or just telling them to do it? #4. Use Social Proof Social proof can be helpful for upselling and cross selling. Think of how Amazon lists what other shoppers who looked at a product also bought. Or the small â€Å"#1 Seller† flag on products that are sometimes more expensive. Knowing that other people went for the upsell and the cross sell convinces people it’s probably safe to do so, too. And nothing upsells like seeing a more expensive product getting five stars when the cheaper version you were looking at has only three. Consider testimonials and star rating systems for your content, products, and services. They do some of the upselling for you, if you simply make them visible at a crucial moment and location. #5. Create Content Bundles Apps such as Uberflip and Storify (or even our very own #CoChat summary blog posts) indicate that readers like to see content bundled into one place. That’s great news if you’re looking to upsell and cross sell. Creating a bundle of products makes the upselling and cross selling much easier, because your customer can easily see that they are getting added value. Bundles are particularly good for cross selling. Why not pull together several products that are related and show the customer that they can get the bundle for less than they’d get all three separately? Copyblogger talks about pulling together content bundles out of your digital content, suggesting several possible approaches: Find similar content product types. For example, put together a collection of your best ebooks, or your most helpful worksheets. Bundle them into one download. Find similar content topic types. Offer an ebook/webinar/download on the same topic. Make an â€Å"Everything You Need To Get Started Blogging† bundle. Connect with other content creators. Bundle your content, products, or services with someone else’s content, products, or services. It’s good buzz for both of you, and a good way to find an audience with who you choose to partner with. Add services to your bundles. Consider adding a service, such as consulting or an audit, along with your content bundle. â€Å"Get our ebook on landing page copy, and a free copy audit of one landing page.† Bundling your content is part of repurposing it. You give a second life to the individual pieces of content you already created.

The Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Reformation - Essay Example It had no lasting influence unlike other European countries except the fact that it strengthened the Roman Catholic Church1. However, sometimes the Reformation is described as the Northern Renaissance. This description has been given to the Reformation in the views of many of the historians. The Northern Renaissance is the Renaissance in northern Europe. It was by the late 15th century that the ideas of the Italian Renaissance humanism spread across Europe and influenced many national and localized movements such as the French Renaissance, German Renaissance and others. Each of these had their own different characteristics and strengths. Italian art and artists such as Leonardo Di Vinci were commissioned and great palaces were built to import the art. It was also believed that the Northern Renaissance was closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and to the series of external and internal conflicts that existed between the various Protestant groups and the Roman Catholic Church. T hese had a lasting impact on the Renaissance. Despite the link between the Northern Renaissance and the Reformation, many researchers have found the differences between them that hinder the connection link between them. The Northern Renaissance was seen as the rebirth of the Greek and Roman civilization2. The Renaissance first begun in the states of Italy and many of the intellectuals suggested that the era after the fall of the Roman Empire till their own times was the Dark Ages, or the Middle Ages. However, this was not true, in fact the irony of the Renaissance, the cultural and intellectual achievements owed a lot to the medieval world. There were many gains in literature, art, philosophy and political thoughts, and individualism was seen as people wanted to receive personal credit fir what they did rather than praising God for everything. As the education spread throughout the Europe and the printing press was introduced in the mid-fifteenth century, the Renaissance spread thro ughout the Europe and was now called the Northern Renaissance. The Northern Renaissance was mainly interested in the religious concerns and this is what leads to the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation had aimed to correct the problems associated with the Catholic Church and sparked the religious civil war for over a century. It was mainly a spiritual and religious revolution3. There were many ideas that emanated in the Italian Renaissance which influenced the Reformation. The Italian Renaissance encouraged the concept of individual and the search for beauty and knowledge. Various forms were used to spread the Renaissance throughout Europe which included letters, writings and several other kinds of practices. This way, the Northern Renaissance was seen to have been influenced by the relationship of the individual with God. The values were built upon the importance of learning and staying connected to the personal relationship with God. Eventually, with further teachings and idea s, a religious sect arose which applied the humanist values to the religious life. And thus, gradually the Northern Renaissance gave a rise to the Reformation. Petrarch, Erasmus and Luther’s lives are best descriptions of the adoption of Renaissance into the Reformation. Petrarch insisted the learning of Greek and Roman manuscripts. He portrayed the value and worth of a man through his portraits and letters. Furthermore, his travels allowed the ideas to spread throughout Europe. An example is his description of the Renaissance as the

Wk 5d1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wk 5d1 - Essay Example Private IP addressing helps improve the networks security, besides conserving public address space. Private IP addressing is used for connecting client computers on a private network, for example in institutions. This addressing method allows for easier communication between network computers. Private networks allow the network administrator to arbitrary assign a local machine an IP address of his choice, if it falls within the range of private networks shown above. This is quite different from public networks. The nature of private networks restricts access to the private network. However, it is possible to connect two private networks by use of a device which allows Network Address Translation (NAT), for instance a router. A public IP address, on the other hand is allocated to each machine which connects to the internet where all IPs are unique. Therefore, it is not possible to have two computers sharing a public IP address on the internet. Public addressing enables multiple computers to connect over the internet and share information. Public IPs is assigned to each computer by the ISP when a computer connects to the gateway and so the user of the computer cannot change the public IP address assigned to his computer. A computer accessing the internet from a private network has both private and public IP addresses. In essence, it can be said that private IP is for communicating within the network while public IP is applied for internet

Health Care Hall of Fame Museum Proposal Essay Example for Free

Health Care Hall of Fame Museum Proposal Essay Healthcare has existed for centuries. As a society we have gone from primitive treatments like casting spells to revolutionary disease breakthroughs. The United States has held steadfast in the evolution of healthcare delivery causing the delivery of healthcare to increase by magnitude proportions. The 1900’s was a time that changes in healthcare and the delivery of it began to emerge in the United States. Scientists started taking an increase interest in diseases. Cardiology developments have helped with the treatment of heart disease, monitoring and prevention. â€Å"Heart Disease is the number one leading cause of death in America.† (American Heart Association, www.heart.org). Heart disease goes as far back as Egyptian Pharaohs, British monarchs and American Presidents. Unhealthy behaviors causing an increase in the risk factors amongst Americans have greatly affected the health of our society as a whole. Americans lead with sedentary lifestyles and the â€Å"supersize mentality†. Early interventions to reduce the risk factors that cause heart disease are essential. Mental illness has been frowned upon since ancient history. The United States was no different. Some people feel that mental illness is not a physical problem and is just a behavioral or spiritual problem that can be controlled. The mentally ill have been maltreated and put through deplorable, inhumane conditions. Introduction of antipsychotic medication in the 1950’s helped in the recovery and helped those who were mentally ill live in the community. Mental health became a priority and care in institutions and hospitals started to improve. â€Å"The Mental Health Act 1986 (the Act) provides a legislative framework for the care, treatment and protection of people with mental illness for psychiatrists to implement.† (Treatment plans under the Mental Health Act). The National Institute of Mental health has a mission to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses. Better healthcare choices can be made with the use of biotechnology. Biotechnology is not a new science. It goes as far back as 500 B.C. It is beneficial with the development of medication, research on drugs, stem cell research, gene testing and therapy. â€Å"Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.† (What is Biotechnology? http://www.bio.org/articles/what-biotechnology). Biotechnology has made major strides in healthcare like the eradication of small pox or gene therapy to help people battle auto immune diseases. Public Health is concerned with disease prevention and wellness promotion for the community as a whole. Epidemics, pand emic and outbreaks make public health an essential part of healthcare. Public health dates back to Biblical times. An example of this is the isolation of a contagious disease like leprosy. Lillian Wald the mother of Public Health Nursing led the crusade of helping provide medical care to the poor in the United States. The increase awareness of health and the healthcare coverage that would be needed led the United States to develop HMOs. HMOs provide medical treatment for patients on a prepaid basis. HMO members pay a fixed monthly fee, more often than not through an employer regardless of how much medical care is needed in a given month. A wide variety of medical services are provided after the fee is paid, from office visits to hospitalization and surgery. There are benefits to having an HMO. â€Å"Preventive and well-care services, such as routine physicals and pediatric care, are provided at no additional cost. Co-payments apply to doctors office visits, prescriptions, hospital admissions, emergency room visits and some other services. You generally do not need to submit claim forms, except in cases when emergency care takes place outside of your coverage area.† Research on diseases, health maintenance, and wellness continues to progress. Public Health continues to be an advocate for hea lth and safety in the community. The United States continues to evolve in healthcare delivery. References American Heart Association, Disease Information. (2000). Retrieved from http://my.americanheart.org/professional/Research/Disease-Information_UCM_459537_Article.jsp Future of Biotechnology in Healthcare, Chapter Nine. (2011, August). Retrieved from http://www.amgenscholars.com/images/uploads/contentImages/biotechnology-future.pdf Institute of Mental Health. About NIMH. (October 6, 2014). Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/index.shtml Public health history time line. (2014, September 6). Retrieved from http://www.sphtc.org/resources.html

gender roles in marie claire Essay -- essays research papers

One of the most prevalent forms of invisible social control is the creation and perpetuation of stereotypes. Today’s society is filled with stereotypes and the media has proven to be an excellent breeding ground. Research in the stereotype domain indicates that the media can prime stereotypes, and these primed stereotypes do influence how people are later perceived. Also the research on media priming of stereotypes generally increases confidence in the generality of the media as a prime. Television, movies, newspapers and magazines contain millions of images that feature individuals portrayed in stereotypical ways. This paper will examine the February issue of Marie Claire and the gender and racial stereotypes that are evident within the advertisements and articles. For many years society has embraced the idea that the differences between men and women are biologically determined and certain roles, behaviors and attitudes constructed by society assign and control how men and women behave and are perceived. Sex is determined by genetics while our gender is programmed by social customs. Some theories interpret that a women is tender and a loving mother while on the other hand men are aggressive hunters and are the dominant one of the family. Gender roles prescribe norms, which instruct people to pursue specific careers and lifestyles. Marie Claire, a typical trashy magazine geared towards women, regularly features stories focused on how to make women beautiful, thin, and desirable to men. Its pages are also full of advice regarding who your Prince Charming will be and how he should and shouldn’t treat you. The writers and editors lure women by strategically placing beautiful images on glossy covers amongst articles that focus on body image, style, and relationships. The advertisements and articles in Marie Claire help fuel assumptions made about the specific roles and abilities of men and women. Simply glancing at the magazine section, while waiting in the checkout line, any individual, man or woman, is able to make their own assumptions about how they are perceived and how they are supposed to behave from article headlines, such as those in February’s Marie Claire which included: â€Å"Fire up His Desire†, â€Å"Sexy or Skanky?†, â€Å"Best Beauty Bargains Ever†, â€Å"What his Cell Phone Style says about him†, and more advice related to fashion and health. These headlines give... ...â€Å"the glam goddess,† and â€Å"the classic cutie.† However, the black woman was labeled â€Å"the tropical temptress† and was dressed in very exotic clothing and jewelry. This article appeared to be drawing some kind of division between the African-American and the rest of the women by making her stand out in her clothes and makeup. One of the African-American males in the magazine was featured as â€Å"this month’s half-naked hunk.† It shows him without a shirt and includes a couple trivial facts, such as his age, height, hometown, and zodiac sign. There is nothing that gives any evidence of him as being anything more than a sex symbol, as opposed to when some of the white males were shown there was information about their occupation or they were portrayed doing some kind of positive act. Although, there was not much racial stereotyping in the issue of Marie Claire; there was not much representation of racial minorities. This magazine is full of white middle class women, because that’s what society says is right. Society creates these stereotypes and we fall into them. The media spreads these memes and they multiply. Society must rise above these petty differences and expel these stereotypes.

The Treatment Of Eating Disorders Health And Social Care Essay

Eating upsets are characterized by forms of perturbations in eating behavior frequently accompanied by feelings of hurt and/or concern about organic structure weight or form. Anorexia Nervosa ( AN ) , Bulimia Nervosa ( BN ) , Eating Disorders-Not Otherwise Specified ( ED-NOS ) are three classs by which eating upsets identified. The American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) ( 1994 ) foremost identified Binge Eating Disorder ( BED ) as a probationary feeding upset diagnosing in the DSM-IV. BED is frequently classified under the â€Å" catch all † of the ED-NOS diagnosing. The DSM-IV-TR ( APA, 2000 ) standard for AN, BN, and BED are listed in Table 1. Eating upsets have frequently been noted as one of the most hard psychiatric conditions to handle and hold been associated with increased mortality and self-destruction rates ( Crow et al. , 2009 ) . Other physical and psychosocial wellness effects include but are non limited to limb and joint hurting, concern, GI jobs, catamenial jobs, shortness of breath, thorax hurting, anxiousness, depressive symptoms, and substance maltreatment ( Johnson, Spitzer, Williams, 2001 ) . Despite legion co-morbid conditions, effectual behavioral and pharmacological interventions for eating upsets have been established. For illustration, family-based therapy ( i.e. , Maudsley Approach ) is deriving acknowledgment as an evidenced-based intervention for striplings with AN ( Wilson, Grilo, & A ; Vitousek, 2007 ) in both joint household Sessionss ( Lock, Agras, Bryson, & A ; Kraemer, 2005 ) and in â€Å" detached † format where person with AN and her household attend separate Sessionss ( Eisler et a l. , 2000 ) . Additionally, cognitive-behavior therapy ( CBT ; Hay, Bacaltchuk, & A ; Stefano, 2009 ) , dialectical-behavior therapy ( DBT ; Chen et al. , 2008 ) , and interpersonal therapy ( IPT ; Fairburn, 1997 ) have been successful in the intervention of BN. Research tends to back up CBT as the intervention of pick for both BN and BED ( Hay, Bacaltchuk, Stefano, 2004 ) . Table 1. DSM-IV-TR diagnostic standards for AN, BN, BED.Anorexia NervosaRefusal to keep organic structure weight at or above what is normal weight for age and tallness ( i.e. , & gt ; 85 % of what is expected ) . Intense fright of deriving weight or going fat, even though scraggy. Perturbation in the manner in which 1 ‘s organic structure weight or form is experienced, undue influence of organic structure weight or form on self-evaluation, or denial of the earnestness of the current low organic structure weight. In postmenarcheal female, amenorrhoea ( i.e. , absence of 3 back-to-back catamenial rhythms ) . Specify Type: Restricting Type – During current episode of AN, person does non regularly engage in binge-eating or purging behaviour. Binge-Eating/Purging Type – During current episode of AN, the individual has on a regular basis engaged in binge-eating or purging behaviour.Bulimia NervosaPerennial orgy eating episodes. Characterized by: 1 ) feeding, in a distinct period of clip ( e.g. , within a 2-hour period ) , an sum of nutrient that is larger than most would eat in a similar period of clip under similar fortunes and 2 ) a sense of deficiency of control over eating during the episode ( e.g. , a feeling that one can non halt eating or command what or how much one is eating ) . Recurrent purging/compensatory weight loss steps in order to forestall weight addition. Binge feeding and purging/compensatory behaviours present at least 2 times a hebdomad for 3 months. Self-image inexcusably influenced by organic structure weight and form. Absence of Anorexia Nervosa. Specify Type: Purging Type – During current episode of BN, the person has engaged in self-induced emesis or the abuse of laxatives, water pills, or clyster. Nonpurging Type – During the current episode of BN, the individual has used other inappropriate compensatory behaviours, such as fasting or inordinate exercising, but has non engaged in self-induced emesis or the abuse of laxatives, water pills, or clyster.Binge Eating DisorderRecuring orgy eating episodes. Characterized by: 1 ) feeding, in a distinct period of clip ( e.g. , within a 2-hour period ) , an sum of nutrient that is larger than most would eat in a similar period of clip under similar fortunes and 2 ) a sense of deficiency of control over eating during the episode ( e.g. , a feeling that one can non halt eating or command what or how much one is eating ) . The binge-eating episodes are associated with 3 or more of the followers: 1 ) eating more quickly than normal, 2 ) feeding until experiencing uncomfortably full, 3 ) eating big sums of nutrient when non physically hungry, 4 ) eating entirely because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating, 5 ) feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or really guilty after gorging. Marked hurt environing orgy feeding. The orgy feeding occurs, on norm, at least 2 yearss a hebdomad for 6 months. The orgy feeding is non associated with the regular usage of inappropriate compensatory behaviours ( e.g. , purge, fasting, inordinate exercising ) and does non happen entirely during the class of ANor BN. Pharmacological interventions have been used in concurrence with behavioural intervention or entirely ( Zhu & A ; Walsh, 2002 ) in the intervention of eating upsets. Research supports pharmacological intervention for persons with BN and BED ( Bacaltchuck, 2000 ) . Specifically, antidepressants have been found to hold short-run benefit in the decrease of binging and purge behaviours ( Walsh et al, 2000 ; McElroy et Al, 2003 ) . Unfortunately, pharmacological intervention tends to hold high disobedience rates and backsliding is frequently frequent ( Becker, 2003 ) . Presently, there is no empirical support for the usage of antidepressants among persons with AN ( Wilson, Grilo, Vitousek, 2007 ) . Behavioral and pharmacological interventions are most frequently used in combination with another in handling eating upsets due to legion co-morbid conditions. Unfortunately, the aforesaid behavioural interventions have a figure of restrictions when delivered outside a forte scene ( e.g. , outpatient mental wellness clinic, inpatient eating upset centre ) . For illustration, the bringing of family-based therapy for AN requires 10-20 hour- long household Sessionss over a 6-12 month period ( Lock, le Grange, Agras, & A ; Dare, 2001 ) , and manualized CBT for BN requires 15-20 Sessionss over five months ( Fairburn, 1989 ; 1993 ) . Treatments for AN and BN are non merely drawn-out and dearly-won, but eating upset forte suppliers are limited, and persons with feeding upsets are frequently immune to specialty attention ( Fairburn & A ; Carter, 1996 ) . Additionally, merely a little part of persons with feeding upsets are treated in mental health care ( Hoek & A ; van Hoeken, 2003 ) and are more likely to show with feeding disordered symptoms in a primary attention puting ( Hoek, 2006 ) . While primary attention doctors frequently recommend forte intervention on claim signifiers, there is small follow- through with referrals ( Hach et al. , 2005 ; 2003 ) . Therefore, the primary attention scene is frequently the chief intervention installation for those with a life-time eating upset diagnosing ( Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, & A ; Kessler, 2007 ) . Due to the fast-paced nature of a primary attention scene, interventions need to be brief, cost-efficient, and executable in application for bing staff. Therefore, development and designation of brief, effectual intercessions for eating upsets are necessary. A figure of surveies have tested the efficaciousness of specific brief intercessions for AN, BN, and BED outside of primary attention environment. Fichter, Cebulla, Quadflieg, & A ; Naab ( 2008 ) implemented a self-help constituent ( i.e. , self-help CBT manual ) to the pretreatment stage of forte attention for persons with AN giving significantly shorter inpatient attention. For intervention of persons with BN and BED, a stepped-care attack has gained support ( Laessle, 1991 ; Treasure, 1996 ; Carter, 1998 ) . This attack may suit good with the construction of primary attention, since persons with BN are offered brief intercessions and so reevaluated. Brief intercessions for BN are often in the signifier of abridged CBT frequently accompanied by a self-help constituent ( Treasure, 1996 ; Cooper, Coker, & A ; Fleming, 1994 ) . A figure of self-help CBT books have been published aimed at assisting persons with binging and purge ( e.g. , Cooper, 1995 ; Fairburn, 1995 ) . Brief executio n of CBT ( Leonard et al. , 1997 ) , self-help CBT ( Sysko & A ; Walsh, 2008 ) , telephone counsel ( Palmer, Birchall, McGrain, & A ; Sullivan, 2002 ) , internet bringing ( Pretorius et al, 2009 ) , and motivational sweetening ( Schmidt, 1997 ; Vitousek, 1998 ) are all illustrations of promising brief intercessions explored for the intervention of binging and purge symptoms. While primary attention has been identified as an ideal puting for handling BN and BED, few effectivity surveies using brief intercessions for eating disordered symptoms have been conducted in the primary attention scene. A figure of eating upset intervention guidelines for primary attention suppliers have been published ( e.g. , Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1995 ; Gurney & A ; Halmi, 2001 ; Pritts & A ; Susman, 2003 ; Williams, Goodie, Motsinger, 2008 ) . However, there is limited information about the effectivity or deductions of behavioural intercessions for eating upsets delivered in the primary attention puting. Therefore, the purposes of the current survey are to 1 ) place all surveies presenting a behavioural constituent for AN, BN or BED in a primary attention scene, 2 ) examine the features and intervention results of surveies identified, and 3 ) supply intervention deductions every bit good as waies for future research. Methods Literature Review The reappraisal of the literature involved multiple computing machine hunts and reappraisal of old reappraisal documents every bit good as surveies cited within these documents. Search databases included CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycARTICLES, PsychInfo, and PubMed utilizing the hunt footings â€Å" binge-eating syndrome nervosa † OR â€Å" orgy eating upset † OR â€Å" anorexia nervosa † AND â€Å" primary attention. † Figure 1 outlines the literature hunt and shows 314 abstracts of articles reviewed for inclusion every bit good as mentions cited in five eating upset intervention reappraisal documents ( i.e. , Berkman et al. , 2006 ; Hay, Bacaltchuk, Stefano, & A ; Kashyap, 2009 ; Kondo & A ; Sokol, 2006 ; Williams, Goodie, & A ; Motsinger, 2008 ; Wilson, Grilo, & A ; Vitousek, 2007 ) . If deficient information was provided in an abstract the first writer obtained the full article for reappraisal. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Primary care-based intercession surveies aiming AN, BN, and BED, were identified based on the undermentioned inclusion and exclusion standards. Inclusion standards included: 1 ) the survey incorporated a behavioural constituent to the intercession for persons with AN, BN, or BED ; 2 ) the intercession was conducted in a primary attention puting ( or the intercession was implemented in a scene explicitly intended to emulate primary attention, as stated in the survey ‘s â€Å" methods subdivision † ) ; 3 ) the survey was a ) published in 2009 or earlier, B ) in English, degree Celsius ) and included empirical informations ; therefore, qualitative and instance surveies were excluded. Exclusion standards included: 1 ) intercessions in scenes other than primary attention puting ( or non explicitly saying an purpose to imitate a primary attention puting ) ; 2 ) non-intervention surveies ( e.g. , surveies conducted in primary attention with ends of obtaining epidemiological inf ormations ) ; 3 ) intercession surveies concentrating on weight loss or including an obesity-oriented attack ; 4 ) non-behavioral intercessions ( i.e. , entirely medicative intercessions ) . International and domestic surveies were included in this reappraisal. Given the limited literature, surveies were non excluded on the footing of whether or non participants were randomized to intervention, type of behavioural intercession, sample size, continuance of intervention, or participant features ( e.g. , gender ) . A sum of five surveies met standards for the current reappraisal. All surveies included were on the intervention of BN and BED. No surveies were found on AN. 314* abstracts/full-text articles reviewed: CINAHL ( 45 ) Embase ( 83 ) PsychArticles ( 0 ) PsychInfo ( 86 ) PubMed ( 100 ) Mentions cited in 5 eating upset intervention reappraisal documents: Berkman et Al. ( 2006 ) Hay et Al. ( 2009 ) Kondo & A ; Sokol ( 2006 ) Williams et Al. ( 2008 ) Wilson et Al. ( 2007 ) 3 original surveies identified 2 original surveies identified 4 primary care-based intercession ( 3 randomized, 1 non-randomized ) 1 designed-for-primary attention intercession ( randomized )Entire: 5 original surveiesFigure 1. Flow chart showing designation procedure of selected primary attention articles. *Note: Overlap nowadays among articles showing in multiple databases. Consequences Features of the Studies Reviewed Of the five surveies that met inclusion standards, four of the surveies were randomized ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand and King, 2003 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Among randomised surveies, none of the surveies fulfilled all of the standards of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) , a criterion and minimal set of guidelines for describing randomized-controlled tests. All surveies included were self-described as effectiveness surveies. Therefore, feasibleness of intercession was paramount to the survey. Merely two of the five surveies recruited participants in the primary attention puting ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Waller et al. , 1996 ) . The figure of participants in the five surveies ranged from 11 to 109 ( M = 70.2, SD = 36.9 ) . Primary attention suppliers ( PCPs ) were the exclusive supplier of the behavioural intercession in two of the five surveies ( i.e. , Banasiak et al. , 2005 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) , and P CPs delivered behavioural intercessions in concurrence with nurses in two other of the five surveies ( i.e. , Waller et al. , 1996 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Minimally trained facilitators ( i.e. , former concert dance terpsichorean, medical secretary, and group leader ) delivered the behavioural intercession in the 1 survey ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Three of the five surveies provided at least 2-6 hours of preparation for doctors and/or nurses transporting out the intercession ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Waller et al. , 1994 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Two of the surveies did non supply separate preparation for those transporting out the intercession, but instead gave facilitators the same educational stuffs distributed to the participants ( i.e. , Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . One survey incorporated both behavioural and pharmacological intervention attacks ( Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . See Table 2 for extra survey features. Table 2. Features of surveies reviewed.SurveyParticipants & A ; CriteriaRecruitmentRandomized/Non-randomizedDelivery of Intervention/TrainingInterventionDurationBanasiak et al. , 2005 N=109 ( full or sub-threshold BN â€Å" modified † DSM-IV standards ) Community Ads: Newspaper: 61.4 % Primary Care: 21.1 % Community centre: 12 % ED centre referral: 5.5 % Randomized aˆ?16 PCPs aˆ?given manual & A ; attended a half-day workshop GSH utilizing Bulimia Nervosa and Binge feeding: A usher to recovery vs. delayed intervention control 17 weeks/1 30-60 minute initial contact & A ; 9 20-30 minute intervention Sessionss. Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 N=72 ( full BED DSM-IV standards, but non run intoing full BN standards ) Newspaper Ads Randomized aˆ?3 facilitators: Former concert dance terpsichorean Medical secretary Group leader aˆ?given manual & A ; intervention of 2-3 pilot participants. PSH vs. GSH utilizing Overcoming Binge Eating V. Wait list control 12 weeks/ 6-8 25-minute Sessionss. Durand & A ; King, 2003 N=68 ( BN symptoms ) Primary attention physician referral Randomized aˆ?32 PCPs aˆ?given manual, guidelines, & A ; phone no. for particular concerns GSH via Bulimia Nervosa: A usher to recovery vs. forte clinic intervention Duration of intervention varied GSH: ~ 5 visits with PCP Waller et al. , 1996 N=11 ( full BN DSM-IV standards ) Back-to-back series of primary Care patients Non-randomized aˆ? 4 Health professionals 1 nurse aˆ? 2 three-hour preparation workshops Abridged CBT & lt ; 8 20-minute Sessionss in hebdomadal intervals. Walsh et al. , 2004 N= 91 ( BN symptoms ) Newspaper advertizements and referrals Randomized aˆ? 7 Health professionals 8 nurses aˆ? brief 2-hour preparation & A ; intervention of a sum of 6 pilot patients aˆ? GSH + placebo vs. GSH + Fluoxetine vs. placebo-only vs. Fluoxetine-only. aˆ? GSH used Overcoming Binge Eating. 6-8 30-minute Sessionss over 4-5 months. Note: PCP – Primary Care Physician, GSH – Guided Self-Help, PSH – Pure Self-Help, ED – Eating Disorder Interventions Overall, this current reappraisal identified two chief attacks to handling BN and BED in primary attention. The first was for practicians to supply behavioural reding themselves, with an augmentation ( i.e. , self-help manual ) . The 2nd option used a collaborative attack in which a non-physician ( e.g. , nurse ) served as the primary intervention supplier with the doctor in a encouraging function with or without an augmentation ( i.e. , self-help manual, psychopharmacological medicine ) . A PCP was the exclusive supplier of the intercession in two surveies ( Banasiak et al. , 2005 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) and a non-physician ( i.e. , nurse ) in two surveies ( Waller et al. , 1996 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . A fifth survey used facilitators ( i.e. , concert dance terpsichorean, medical secretary, and a group leader ) to emulate primary attention suppliers ( Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ) . Guided Self-help versus Pure Self-help Among all surveies examined, four surveies implemented cognitive behavioural self-help in the intercession and incorporated the usage of a self-help manual ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand and King, 2003 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Get the better ofing Binge Eating ( Fairburn, 1995 ) , Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating: A Guide to Recovery ( Cooper, 1995 ) , and Bulimia Nervosa: A Guide to Recovery ( Cooper, 1993 ) were the three manuals used. The add-on of the self-help manual came in two signifiers: 1 ) guided self-help and 2 ) pure self-help. Guided self-help pattern included a doctor or other supplier ‘guiding ‘ and directing the participants through the manual during scheduled visits and delegating specific reading in the manual to the participant. Pure self-help involved the supplier providing a manual to the participant and the instructions to read the manual over the class of the intercession. Treatment Results Three of the four surveies utilizing self-help found self-help methods to be good in relieving orgy eating episodes ( Banasiak, Paxton, & A ; Hay, 2005 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . One survey comparing guided self-help and Prozac found no benefits of guided self-help used entirely or used in concurrence with the medicine ( Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . However, medicative benefits of diminishing bulimic symptoms were important. These consequences should be interpreted with cautiousness, since this survey yielded a 69 % abrasion rate. Another survey comparing the benefits of guided self-help, pure self-help, and wait-list control found those who received guided self-help and pure-self aid to hold significantly fewer binge-eating episodes at station intervention and three month followup ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . While no important differences were obtained between guided self-help and pure self-help intervention groups at the terminal of intervention, t he guided self-help group attained significance over the pure self-help group across post-treatment clip points ( i.e. , 3 months and 6 months ) ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Waller et Al. ( 1996 ) was the lone survey non using a self-help constituent, but instead an abridged CBT intervention. This intervention yielded a 55 % betterment rate in bulimic symptoms. See Table 3 for result informations on each survey. Table 3. Outcome information on examined surveies.SurveyResultEffect SizeRestrictionsAbrasionBanasiak et al. , 2005 60 % decrease in nonsubjective orgy eating in GSH vs. 6 % decrease in DTC. 61 % decrease of purging behaviour in GSH vs. 10 % decrease in DTC. GSH V DTC: Gorging – Einsteinium: 1.96 Purging – Einsteinium: 1.47 aˆ? PCPs delivering intervention had involvement in eating upsets prior to analyze aˆ? Not all participants recruited from Personal computer 33 % dropped out Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 Decrease in frequence of orgy eating episodes important in both PSH & A ; GSH. GSH significantly lower in dietetic restraint than PSH at posttreatment & A ; 3-month followup. GSH V PSH in dietetic restraint posttreatment: *ES: -.71 3-month followup: *ES: -.66 aˆ?34 % decrease of orgy feeding in wait list control aˆ? deficiency of weight alteration aˆ? conformity poorer in PSH vs. GSH aˆ? Participants non recruited from Personal computer aˆ? survey simulated PC office 12 % dropped out Durand & A ; King, 2003 No clinical significance between self-help and forte clinic intervention result. Both self-help and forte attention yielded important betterment in bulimic symptoms indicated by BITE. Self-help at baseline V 6 month followup on BITE: *ES: .56 Forte at 6 month followup on BITE: *ES: .67 aˆ?Small sample aˆ?Outcome informations based on self-report graduated table aˆ?lack of specificity in magnitude of difference b/w intervention attention aˆ?23 % dropped out in GSH group aˆ?17 % dropped out in forte attention Waller et al. , 1996 55 % improved well, 45 % did non profit Not able to cipher ; Insufficient informations aˆ?Small sample aˆ?long preparation aˆ?inefficient intercession 18 % dropped out Walsh et al. , 2004 GSH had no important consequence on the decrease of bulimic symptoms compared to Fluoxetine. Fluoxetine had important decrease in bulimic symptoms. GSH vs. Fluoxetine: *ES: -.06 Fluoxetine V Fluoxetine w/GSH: *ES: .02 aˆ? Disobedience aˆ? 8 participants were reassigned conditions aˆ? Recruitment non in Personal computer. aˆ? No public-service corporation for GSH detected. 69 % dropped out Note: GSH – Guided Self-Help, PSH – Pure Self-Help, DTC – Delayed Treatment Control, PCPs – Primary Care Physicians, Personal computer – Primary Care, BITE – Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh *Effect sizes ( ES ) calculated by article ‘s first writer utilizing the undermentioned computation: vitamin D = M1 – M2 / i?-iˆ [ ( i1A? +iˆ iiˆ iˆ?A? ) / 2 ] . vitamin D = M1 – M2 / i whereiˆ i = i?- [ iiˆ ( X – M ) A? / N ] . Discussion Persons with eating upsets have some of the highest mortality rates of all psychiatric conditions ( Crow et al, 2008 ) coupled with high physical and psychological co-morbid conditions. Because of these co-morbid conditions, persons with feeding upsets are likely to show in primary attention puting with co-morbid ailments ( CITE ) . PCPs and staff are in a alone place to supply early sensing and intervention. Due to clip restraints, primary attention suppliers frequently lack the experience and preparation to implement intercessions for persons with feeding upsets. Therefore, brief, evidenced-based intercessions with minimum required preparation are paramount to the acceptance and airing of eating upset intervention. Consequences of this reappraisal expose the limited sum of research that has been conducted on the intervention of AN, BN, and BED in a primary attention puting. The current reappraisal identified five surveies – four on BN, one on BED, and no surveies were found on the intervention of AN in a primary attention puting. Of the five surveies that met standards for inclusion, four were randomized-controlled tests ( RCTs ) , which are often recognized as the gilded criterion in efficaciousness research. Among the RCTs, none of the surveies fulfilled all of the suggested CONSORT criterions. Four of the five surveies reviewed enforced CBT self-help in the signifier of a manual with educational constituents aiming binging and purge behaviours. Three of the four surveies utilizing self-help intervention found the intervention to be good ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, & A ; Hay, 2005 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . Therefore, self-help intervention may be a good intervention for some patients showing in primary attention. Among surveies describing benefits, guided self-help proved to be more good than pure self-help ; nevertheless, pure self-help was still found to hold benefit ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . In a scene comparing survey, guided self-help CBT intervention was deemed every bit effectual as forte clinic intervention ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . Effectiveness and Feasibility While all surveies were conducted in a primary attention puting or in a scene that explicitly simulated a primary attention scene, merely two surveies recruited participants from this scene ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Waller et Al. 1996 ) . The enlisting context may restrict the effectivity of the interventions examined given studies of persons showing in primary attention exhibit higher rates of somatization, mental unwellness, and chronic conditions ( Jyvasjarvi et al. , 2001 ; Toft et al. , 2005 ) . Besides, given this survey was an international reappraisal, primary attention scenes differ across wellness attention systems ; hence, non merely may community samples differ from primary attention samples, but primary attention samples may differ from state to state ( Bailer et al. , 2004 ) . Similarly, PCPs in different states may hold changing clip restraints with respects to preparation and intervention bringing. However, minimum preparation and bringing efficiency are of import features for PCPs ( CITE ) . In this reappraisal, two surveies required less than an hr of preparation for the primary attention suppliers presenting the intercession ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Given PCPs clip restraints, developing necessitating more than an hr may non be executable for the typical supplier. Another restriction to generalising intervention to the primary attention scene is the continuance of intervention in the surveies examined. Duration of intercession ranged from 5-10 visits at 20-30 proceedingss per visit. The length of intervention could explicate the high rates of abrasion ( i.e. , 12-69 % ) found in the surveies reviewed. However, Waller et Al. ( 1996 ) noted the indicated intervention may non take every bit long as the prescribed interv ention, since participants dropping out prior to completion of intervention still benefitted. The long-run effects and backsliding rates of brief intercession interventions in this scene is unknown, since the none of the surveies collected follow-up informations six months post intervention. Deductions for Practice Brief intercessions may merely be effectual for a subset of patients with bulimia nervosa and orgy feeding inclinations. Most surveies reviewed excluded participants with co-morbid upsets. Therefore, findings may non be generalizable to the typical primary attention population. Identifying the subset of persons in which brief intercessions will be most effectual remains disputing. While evidenced-based, brief intercessions are considered the first line of intervention for persons showing in primary attention ( NICE, 2004 ) , it is ill-defined how patients neglecting to react to these intercessions should be treated. PCPs electing non to supply behavioural intervention to patients with BN or orgy feeding must still play a important function in measuring and handling the physical symptomatology of eating upsets. With the outgrowth of incorporate attention, psychologists and mental wellness suppliers are going more present in the primary attention puting. Therefore, persons with BN and orgy eating inclinations may be treated holistically in the primary attention scene. Directions for Future Research Future research should concentrate on honing self-help CBT intervention in the primary attention puting and including participants with co-morbid features. Expanding bringing of intervention beyond primary attention doctors to other suppliers, such as nurses, dieticians, societal workers, and staff workers, may let for more trim intervention for the single presenting with feeding disordered behaviour.

Fashion marketing Essay

Fashion marketing over the years has changed considerably. This has been due to number reasons which include culture, lifestyles, technology and the media. A case student of a student will be used. Culture is a link between â€Å"three components: what people think, what they do, and the  material products they produce† but also has the property of â€Å"shaping behaviour and  consciousness within a human society†Ã‚   (Hofstede, 2001) Fashion marketing and culture are closely linked.  People who are members of the same culture, most of the times have an unwritten code  between them for many sectors of their life – social and private. Eskimos are a great example  of such â€Å"unusual habits†, which offer their wife to their visitor during the first night and they  simply mean â€Å"Thank you† with this gesture. Moreover, people around the world use different  movements of their face, hands and body to express their feelings and a foreign student might  feel embarrassed, annoyed or shocked when encounters incidents like the one mentioned  above or ones that are totally new and beyond his expectations. Read more: Fashion essay A Student may face  difficulties to adapt to the climate of the new country as well, which might be too warm or  too cold for the standards of his home town. Additionally, the food most probably will be  different and this may make him feel sick or enthusiast about this. The most important aspect  of a foreign student’s life will be the educational system and fashion, which may differ from  the relationship between teacher and student, to the way the courses are being taught and  gaining employment in the fashion industry due to different cultural norms and values. The  general   rule of thumb at this point is that, after a period of time, â€Å"the culture abroad may  now come the ‘normal’ way of living† . The feelings, that have arisen from this whole  situation of encountering a new culture, are distinctly different to what had been witnessed in  Bulgaria. The most efficient way for a foreigner, student or traveller, before come into  contact with another culture is to be prepared about the variation among cultures and fashion  trends. One must notice that if a stranger meets another culture, but put aside any egoistic  feelings that might have, which do not let him understand the different lifestyles among  people, will only gain from this interaction. Nowadays, that many countries become multi-  cultural, it is important for the locals and the foreigners to try cooperating with each other in  order both of them to live smoothly together. (Hofstede, 2001) The term â€Å"fashion† holistically covers a plethora of different trends and styles. It has been  observed in the UK that many people dress to impress and others dress for attention purposes.  Youngsters in the UK are becoming more and more fashionable and are becoming conscious  of new trends and styles. People in the UK always strive to look their best which is  painstakingly different to what it is like in Bulgaria where they seem reasonably content with  whatever they wear. Whether people in the UK dress smartly, wearing the latest designer  labels that cost a fortune or whether they wear black Gothic clothes and cover their faces in  thick make up, they take pride in their appearance which seems like a cultural norm in the  UK.   (Connor, 1997)

Free Essays on What Inspired Me To Succeed (essay)

Through out my lifetime I have met many people who have inspired me and made me want to follow their footsteps. I have gone through situations where the decisions I made have greatly influenced the way I have carried out my lifestyle. However, none of these people or situations have enthused my desire to succeed like one particular experience. The summer after my freshman year in High School I obtained a part - time job in a jewelry store. When I was interviewed, the owner informed me that I was going to get hired to perform duties such as filing, creating invoices, and answering the phone .She also told me that I would assist the workers in the making of the jewelry and that sometime in the future I would get promoted and make jewelry as well. I was very excited and motivated because this job was going to give me the opportunity to earn extra money for the summer and give me the chance to develop my skills as well to obtain new ones. Unfortunately, everything was different once I started working. Right on my first week on the job I started to feel uncomfortable. I noticed that my boss was somehow taking advantage of me in many ways. In contrast to what I was hired for, I was working in a room preparing packages for delivery as well as running errands outside. Most of these errands consisted of going to other jewelry stores by myself to get jewelry and other materials needed for making them. This scared me because in a city like New York, it was very unsafe for a 14 year old to be carrying large amounts of jewelry in the streets by herself without some sort of protection. I worked from 9 in the morning till 6 in the afternoon with the exception of a lunch break. During my work hours I was prohibited from talking to my fellow workers and even using the phone. I was getting paid a low salary and our management didn’t even provide its employees with an air conditioner, which would have been appropriate for such a warm time of the... Free Essays on What Inspired Me To Succeed (essay) Free Essays on What Inspired Me To Succeed (essay) Through out my lifetime I have met many people who have inspired me and made me want to follow their footsteps. I have gone through situations where the decisions I made have greatly influenced the way I have carried out my lifestyle. However, none of these people or situations have enthused my desire to succeed like one particular experience. The summer after my freshman year in High School I obtained a part - time job in a jewelry store. When I was interviewed, the owner informed me that I was going to get hired to perform duties such as filing, creating invoices, and answering the phone .She also told me that I would assist the workers in the making of the jewelry and that sometime in the future I would get promoted and make jewelry as well. I was very excited and motivated because this job was going to give me the opportunity to earn extra money for the summer and give me the chance to develop my skills as well to obtain new ones. Unfortunately, everything was different once I started working. Right on my first week on the job I started to feel uncomfortable. I noticed that my boss was somehow taking advantage of me in many ways. In contrast to what I was hired for, I was working in a room preparing packages for delivery as well as running errands outside. Most of these errands consisted of going to other jewelry stores by myself to get jewelry and other materials needed for making them. This scared me because in a city like New York, it was very unsafe for a 14 year old to be carrying large amounts of jewelry in the streets by herself without some sort of protection. I worked from 9 in the morning till 6 in the afternoon with the exception of a lunch break. During my work hours I was prohibited from talking to my fellow workers and even using the phone. I was getting paid a low salary and our management didn’t even provide its employees with an air conditioner, which would have been appropriate for such a warm time of the...

Translating Feel to Spanish

Translating Feel to Spanish The English verb to feel is one of those verbs that can be tricky to translate to Spanish. More so than with most words, you need to think of what the word means when trying to come up with a Spanish equivalent. If youre fairly new to Spanish and trying to think of how to say a sentence using feel in Spanish, you should probably see first if you can think of a different, and simpler if possible, way of saying what you want to say. For example, a sentence such as I feel sad means basically the same thing as I am sad, which can be expressed as Estoy triste. In that case, using sentirse to translate feel would also work: Me siento triste. In fact, sentir or sentirse frequently is a good translation, as it usually means to feel an emotion. (Sentir comes from the same Latin word as the English word sentiment.) But sentir doesnt work with many uses of feel, as in these sentences: That feels smooth. I feel like going to the store. I feel that its dangerous. It feels cold. In those cases, you need to think of a different verb to use. Here are some of the ways you can translate feel:   Feeling an Emotion As stated above, sentir or sentirse can often be used when referring to emotions: Me siento muy feliz. (I feel very happy.)Me siento fuerte psicolà ³gicamente. (I feel psychologically strong.)Se siente en conflicto cuando necesita escoger entre uno u otro. (He feels conflicted when he needs to choose one or the other.)No sentimos nada. (We dont feel anything.) However, Spanish has many expressions using other verbs to express emotions. Here are a few: Estoy muy feliz. (I am very happy. I feel very happy.)Él tenà ­a miedo. (He was afraid. He felt afraid.)Tengo celos a mi hermana. (Im jealous of my sister. I feel jealous of my sister.)De repente se enojà ³. (Suddenly he got angry. Suddenly he felt angry.) Sentirse is frequently used with como to express the concept of feeling like a ...: Se sintià ³ como una extraà ±a en su propia casa. (She felt like a stranger in her own home.)Me siento como una estrella del rock. (I feel like a rock star.) Feeling Sensations Spanish generally doesnt use sentir to express what is felt with the senses. Sensations are often expressed by idioms using tener. If describing what something feels like, you can often use parecer (see next section): Tienen hambre. (Theyre hungry. They feel hungry.)Tengo frà ­o. (Im cold. I feel cold. It feels cold here.)Tenà ­an sed. (They were thirsty. They felt thirsty.) Meaning ‘To Seem’ When to seem can be substituted for to feel, you can often translate using the verb parecer: Parece lisa al tacto. (It feels smooth to the touch. It seems smooth to the touch.)Parece que va a llover. (It feels like its going to rain. It seems that it is going to rain.)La herramienta me parece à ºtil. (The tool feels useful. The tool seems useful to me.) Meaning ‘To Touch’ Tocar and palpar are often used to refer to touching something. Although palpar comes from the same source as palpate, it is used much more often than the English word and can also be used in informal contexts. El mà ©dico me palpà ³ el abdomen. (The doctor felt my abdomen.)Todos tocaron la piel de zorro para que les diera buena suerte. (Everyone felt the fox skin so it would give them good luck.) ‘To Feel Like’ Meaning ‘To Want To’ A phrase such as to feel like doing something can be translated using querer or other verbs used to express desire: Quisiera comer una hamburguesa. (I feel like (eating) a hamburger. I would like to eat a hamburger.)Prefiero salir yo con mis amigos. (I feel like leaving with my friends. I prefer to leave with my friends.)Katrina no tenà ­a ganas de estudiar. (Katrina didnt feel like studying. Katrina didnt have a desire to study.) For Giving Opinions Feel is often used to express opinions or beliefs. In such cases, you can use opinar, creer or similar verbs: Pienso que no me gusta. (I feel I dont like it. I think I dont like it.)Creo que Argentina es el mejor equipo del mundo. (I feel that Argentina is the best team in the world. I believe that Argentina is the best team in the world.) ¿Por quà © supones que tienes una infeccià ³n? (Why do you feel you have an infection? Why do you suppose you have an infection?) Key Takeaways Although sentir and sentirse are the most common verbs translating to feel, in many situations they would be incorrect.Other verbs that are frequently used for to feel include tocar, querer, and creer.A good way to translate feel is to instead translate a synonym for feel as it used in the context.

The Lego Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Lego Company - Case Study Example The Lego Company was founded by Ole Kirk Christiansen in 1932. The firm has a wide range of product lines including video games, board games, education items, Lego mindstorms, pre-school products, bricks, and play themes. In addition, Lego group offers numerous community-based and other services for the benefit of children, particularly disadvantaged children. In the United States, the organization mainly focuses on Lego Imagination Centers, which are large stores that contain displays of Lego sculptures and a bricks play area; and as of 2002 data, the Lego Group operates 68 stores (including stores soon to be operated) in the North America (Lego stores, n. d.). Lego uses strategic risk management approach to drive its growth; and its strategic planning model has assisted the company to be successful throughout its corporate history. Mission Statement & Vision Statement The firm’s mission and vision values greatly benefit the organization in achieving its desired and end state . Lego’s mission statement is to â€Å"inspire and develop the builders of tomorrow†, and its vision statement is â€Å"inventing the future play† (A Case Study of the Lego Group, n. d.). ... Since these values contribute to Lego’s market reputation, the firm may easily achieve its desired and end state. Internal Analysis & External Analysis Evidently, Lego has a range of competitive internal strengths such as global presence, long market experience, a globally recognized brand, famous Lego bricks, and numerous popular video games to accomplish its goals and objectives set in their previous strategic plans. Market trends indicate that demand for colorful bricks is likely to remain stable over the next decades. In addition, emerging markets like Brazil, India, and China would contribute to the Lego’s efforts for meeting its strategic goals. Finally, the steadily growing toy industry would also improve Lego’s ability to respond to various internal and external challenges quickly and effectively. Long Term Objectives Brand value creation is one of the major long term objectives of the Lego Group. The company also gives particular emphasis to global expan sion and market share growth in the long term. As Jenson (2012) points out, zero waste is the ultimate long term goal of the company. Strategy Analysis and Choice It is recommendable for Lego to choose cost leadership strategy to achieve and maintain competitive advantages over its market rivals. Currently, the company has spread across the globe and it has numerous potential capital sources to invest significantly in production assets. The organization possesses better product designing capabilities and high level expertise in manufacturing process engineering. In addition, Lego maintains efficient distribution channels. Furthermore, this generic strategy is beneficial for the organization to defend new entrants effectively. Similarly, the market development grand strategy is best for the

To what extent is the global financial crisis related to greater Essay

To what extent is the global financial crisis related to greater volatility in the prices of oil and gas To what extent does it facilitate the contagion of price movements from one commodity to another - Essay Example This paper shall determine the extent to which the global financial crisis is related to greater volatility in the prices of oil and gas. It shall determine to what extent it facilitates the contagion of price movements from one commodity to another. Crude oil prices increased to as much as US$ 147 for each barrel in July of 2008 after a major commodity boom cycle caused by increased demands from developing states (UN Regional Commissions, 2009). However, by August of the same year, oil prices plunged due to the reduced demand from the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The threat of recession loomed with the financial crisis severely impacting on the worldwide economy (Institute of Development Studies, 2008). In order to end price falls, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced various cuts in their output. Oil prices have since reached more stable levels with prices in the mid US$40 per barrel range. Based on the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), the demand for world oil fell by at least 0.2 % in 2008 and 0.4% in 2009 (UN Regional Commissions, 2009). The lower global demand was mostly caused by the lower consumption of oil and gas from developing states with initial 2008 estimates noting 2.9% decrease in oil and gas among OECD member states. The decreased demand is mostly attributed to declined demand among OECD members is primarily attributed to decreasing North America demands which declined to 2% in 2009 and 1.7% in Europe (UN Regional Commissions, 2009). Among the non-OECD countries, their demand for oil and gas increased by 1.4% in 2009 and 2.3% by 2010. Underpinning these figures was the rise of demand among developing states. However, even where such demands continued to rise, it was not insulated from the effects of the global economic crisis, especially as the economy grew at a much slower pace within the short-to-medium term (UN Regional Commissions,

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Strategic management - Essay Example Strategic planning helps in formulating the business approach to a context. As shown in figures 1 and 2, it is seen that the strategy stems out of the context which influences the strategy and the actions that lead to a solution on the strategy and finally, provides the results which in turn leads to altering the context. The strategy should get altered based on the change in the context thus altered. Strategies are worked out using various tools. One of the oldest methods involved using the SWOT analysis for bringing out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the Threats perceived by the company and the business2. The strategy would primarily enhance and capitalise on the strengths of the company for tapping the opportunities and to counter the threats perceived while at the same time would offset the weaknesses perceived. This would help the company to realise its objectives of enhancing the profitability of the company. Porter’s Five Forces helped the strategists to model the environment and the business is positioned in it to understand the effect of the environment. This was perceived to have been made up of the five forces that Porter projected. He further qualifies some of the approaches to strategy as generic. There are three types of generic strategies that are used by companies, employing the common economic forces that are in play in the market. These are: Cost Leadership by providing the best cost for a product or a service, product differentiation and thereby commanding higher prices and finally, identifying its own niche products for a specific product-segment thereby monopolising the entire business for that product or at least dominating it. While these strategies help the company to move forward, without a basic strategy the company stutters. As can be seen from the figure 2, the markets are created by companies which fall under any one of the strategies depicted in it, either consciously or otherwise. The perfect competition would

Relationship Between Museum and Cultural Identity

Relationship Between Museum and Cultural Identity THE MUSEUM AND THE CITY: AN EMBODIMENT OF CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE CITY IN WHICH IT STANDS INTRODUCTION As society enters a new century, many cultures have recond to an age of globalisation and, in turn, are embracing the idea of contemporary living. This results in the development of cutting-edge technology, new methods of communication, and the rapid growth of cities, causing indigenous culture of cities to increasingly blend. The desire to embrace this dynamic compels many architects to consider ways of creating architecture truly representative of a wide range of humanity. These new advances create city growth, impacting on urban form and the design process of the public institutions, including museums, which is what this dissertation will primarily explore. The result is to extend the range of materials, forms, cultural references and social thinking available to museum architecture. But does this create an uninspired sameness, where some identities are being ignored and/or distorted? Where the notion of cultures integrating really means the identity struggle between the dominants and the dominated? One could speculate that now, more rapidly than before, the architecture of the museum and the city simultaneously evolve to meet the cultural identity of the people. But are these buildings, in fact representative of the national identity of a city or the individuality of the architect? This dissertation investigates the architects role in designing museums, establishing to what extent the design reflects or stems from the cultural identity of the city. The relationship between the museum and the city in which to belongs is complex. In order to establish an understanding, the study consults a wide range of resources that address issues of cultural identity within a museums national and civic perspective. Additionally, the research made reference to economic and political issues regarding museums, the study of how globalisation is reflected within a cultural and affects architecture, and case studies to support the statement that architects may intend for their museum designs to be representations of a cultural identity within the city. There are now new ways of experiencing, interpreting and remembering. The contemporary architecture of museums are a strong medium of cultural memory, developing from the museums traditional forms as monuments symbolising the power of key individuals within a society, into an expressive entity that creates dialogue between its contents and urban context. The otherwise conventional manner of designing develops into a world of contradictions, assorted rhythms and new ideas of beauty in the design of museums. The physicality of the building represents that of theatrical effects, incorporating contemporary elements of architectural form as a method of entertainment, whilst engaging the interest of the citys individuals and of those from further afield. Millions are drawn to what is no longer a dying institution, but a visual destination for the public, in a form that encompasses the societys identity. One can assume this is influenced by the cultural pluralism within the buildings city c ontext, and considering the many identities as a plural identity. The diverse elements are woven into a sustainable, integrated spatial fabric that contributes to the life of the city. An approach which allows architectural freedom for a building type that has been described by some sources as overlooked by the public. Due to this studys word restriction, it is not possible to evaluate in detail more than four relevant case studies. This limitation resulted in the careful consideration of case studies varying in terms of locality and architect. Furthermore, due to time restrictions, it was not possible to carry out additional primary research which could have entailed supplementary site visits to the investigated case studies and additional data found in initial research methods such as interviews and questionnaires. The dissertations methodology consists of individually exploring and studying four case studies against the dissertations argument, in order to then properly conclude whether it can be proven to be accurate. These case studies pose as cultural barometers, where during investigation they help assess the extent in which they fulfill a citys cultural identity. The examination method entails drawing on a combination of primary research such as site visits to secondary research, drawing on existing written information from books, articles and online sources. The case studies follow a chronological order, beginning with Chapter One: Frank Gehrys Bilbao Guggenheim, a museum which initiated an influence on the case studies that have followed such as Chapter Two: Daniel Libeskinds Jewish War Museum, Chapter 3: Herzog and de Meurons Tate Modern London and Chapter 4: Zaha Hadids Contemporary Arts Centre. To further develop whether an architects design of contemporary museums truly reflect the citys cultural identity, each case study is analysed in th light of the following issues: Globalisation outlines whether certain cultural identities are lost or just changing within the museums civic context, especially as cities more than nations contend to draw global attention through these culturally significant public buildings. The sub-chapter concerning National and Civic Identity explores how culture influences in terms of the architectural context of the museum in a national and civic perspective. This provides a framework for exploring how architects use ideas about culture and cultural contradictions to create the structures and spaces to engage a society. The issue will discover how the design of the museum is a task of seeking an image essentially of ourselves. Style and Identity of the Architect briefly examines how the architects own identity, who themselves are either travelers or immigrants, insiders/outsiders of the city in which they design for, influences the ultimate design of the citys museum along with their own architectural style. Economy and Poli tics is a sub-chapter concerning who pays, owns and benefits from the establishment of these institutions. How cities acquire signature museums in order to stimulate their economic and ultimately cultural development. The museum building boom has been accelerated by what has become known as The Bilbao Guggenheim Effect . The sub-chapter investigates how Frank Gehrys museum has influenced these case studies to replicate their own â€Å"Bilbao Guggenheim Effect† within their cities. By putting up a museum with architectural credentials, Gehry revitalised a civic and cultural image, demonstrating that a single building could energise and enhance an entire city and region. DISCUSSION THE CONTEXT OF THE MUSEUM: INVENTION AND REINVENTION Layer upon layer, past times preserve themselves in the city until life itself finally threatened with suffocation: then, in sheer defense, modern man invents the museum. [Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities] These words from Lewis Mumfords The Culture of Cities depicts how the museum was manifested as a commodification of a citys overpowering history (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 1). The design development of this building type has been changing since the museum was established in the 18th century, beginning as a space for private collections of wealthy individuals, only accessible by the middle and upper class (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 4). Presently, the museum is a response to contemporary social change, a space that wishes to connect within its urban fabric surroundings and open to all. A museums design acknowledges the way in which it can order, store and display its belongings, the institutions relationship to a city and surrounding cultures lacks investigation, leaving questions about the museums role in an urban context (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). Culture surpasses the ways in which something can be represented and housed, it can be seen as an expression of us. Today, culture is challenged i n a world struggling for established institutions such as schools, libraries etc., which often are said to lack in relation to the people (Zukin, 1995, p. 11). Museums are no longer seen as fixed frameworks, but a place for public interaction and exchange. One could consider that one of the buildings functions is to absorb the cultures within the city, and then reflect and shape this within an architectural form. The museum itself visually exemplifies its roles within a city, for instance unlocking urban memories, reconfiguring the past, aiding in touristic rediscovery and exploitation of a place to the whole urban environment, roles that challenge the museums attempt to reconnect culture and a citys built form (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). There is an ability to recon a city with the use of museums, from â€Å"systematically inserting them, to salvaging or reconstructing them† into the urban fabric (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). Therefore the museums cultural significance surpasses that of any other building types. In The Museum Transformed, by Douglas Davis (1990, p.14) asserts that, â€Å"no building type can match the museum for symbolic or architectural importance† because it is so often redefined due to its stimulation from cultural development. The museum can be considered as an entity that defines, represents and creates cultural trends ahead of its own place in time. As quoted from MacLeod (2005, p.1), â€Å"As museums have come to be consciously recognized as drivers for social and economic regeneration, the architecture of the museum has developed from its traditional forms into often-spectacular one off statements and architectural visions.† Architects persuasively argue for a new type of ex perience, aiming to appeal to a general audience rather than the scholarly advisors soughing to replicate tradition (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 3). This is an aspiration expressed from an analysis of contemporary society and its future direction, that being cultural diversity, resulting in the commissioning of strongly conceptualised museums to devote to multiplicity. As Relph (1976, p. 33) claims, †¦for each setting and for each person there are a multiplicity of place identities reflecting different experiences and attitudes; these are molded out of the common elements of appearance†¦through the changing interactions of direct observation with preconceptions. In the past however, the significance of museums were solely to serve a refined function, transcending the thinking of the scholars and academics, along with manifesting the power of a city (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 4). Relph (1976, p. 35) provides evidence to this claim in mentioning, Public places which achieve their publicity through high imageability are not necessary innocent- their distinctive appearance or form maybe capitalised upon or even created as a statement of grandeur and authority to be regarded in awe by common people. The museum was considered a monument, take examples such as The Louvre in Paris, or the Uffizi in Florence, they are models of the grandeur museums encompassed (Merkel, 2002, p. 66), significant in urban context, deliberately chosen to emphasise a citys status, and drawing attention within a public space. Traditionally understood as temples of knowledge, the architecture itself could be said to represent the value of knowledge. This belief was prominent in the early period of museum founding where the scale of buildings also symbolised power, so much so that the museum evoked the metaphor of a cathedral. Historian Jayne Merkel (2002, p. 66) writes, Not surprisingly, palace architecture-grand, classical, urban, and horizontal-was a principal influence when the first museums were designed. But like most public buildings at the time, they were built in the classical style for other reasons as well, including classicisms associations with government, law (Roman basilicas), with the sacred (Greek temples and Italian Renaissance churches) and with the culture and art of the past. Today, the museum could be considered as a building type that satisfies a citys need for symbolic signification, and an indicator of metropolitan aspirations such as world-wide recognition. A desire to entertain and educate society, along with a â€Å"sensitivity that refuses to bore, alienate or pander to the public† (Zieger, 2005, p. 17). If this is the case, then the status of a great city can entail in encompassing several of these institutions, thus the spread of museums witnessed during the nineteenth and twentieth century indicating the start of city rivalry. At the start of the twenty-first century, the museum as architecture has been reinstated as an evocative entity, as opposed to decades devoted to neutral, voided spaces lacking symbolic significance and strict functionality termed as â€Å"white box† (Lampugnani Sachs, 1999, p. 15). Museums began to create dialogue with their content and urban context. They can be seen as similar in some ways to churches, to shopping centres and other places of gathering, but they have a function different from these examples, they contain things of enquiry. The museum has made a considerable contribution to a city, adding historic and cultural significance along with contributing to a citys metropolitan status, presumably due to the transformative possibilities of museums (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 9). The city and its museum are in conjunction to one another, one could believe the museum is a citys method of revealing cultural meaning through its architectural forms. This belief is an advanceme nt from the words of the theorist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, ridiculing museums as cemeteries, stating that they were â€Å"truly identical in their sinister juxtaposition of bodies that do not know each other,† along with a judgement that cultural institutions were dilapidating. (see Zieger, 2005, p. 7) A society today uses the museum to represent a new dynamic form of culture, reflected through an innovative physical form that is often considered a visual spectacle of the city, that one could believe draws visitors to it in theatre like fashion. Consequently it can be theorised that they are quickly becoming radical buildings constructed in a world driven by the need to address new concepts of diversity and equality (Zukin, 1995 p. 2). Rather than just â€Å"cultural cemeteries piling up gilt frame paintings† (Zeiger, 2005, p.11), they are spaces of social condensing- a space attempting to build a community rather than filling a city with volumes of emptiness. As Dan iel Libeskind was quoted in saying â€Å"†¦its not just some sort of container, some abstract piece if glass and concrete, it is part of a communicative system.† The design challenge in the multicultural growth of cities is to find an architectural expression that goes beyond the conventional, while something relevant to contemporary life. Contemporary museum design can be deemed as a physical entity of cultural trends developing within the city (Zukin, 1995 p. 2), either recognising which cultures are integrating or if the city epitomises a specific one. No matter what conclusions are drawn out from a citys cultural make-up museums are a place where people go to mix with others unlike themselves, by having a broad appeal they must aim to please a vast variety of people. Libeskind confirms this in his words, †¦(museum) architecture is what is common between people, and what a contribution it makes to the viability of a city, and to civic space. †¦we might as well make in inspiring environment, an environment that is more than just a shallow faà §ade of something inauthentic. (Cathcart, 2001) To avoid the idea of an undistinguished environment is by physically fitting in the cultural identity related to the city. The museum in a physical setting is a structural body of city understanding and city change. There can be no denying the importance of its architecture in the urban environment in terms of regeneration, tourism, symbolism and so on (Zukin, 1995, p.2). Society as a whole has been persuaded that museums are agents of social economic change. There has been an unprecedented period of radical reshaping, building, rebuilding in the design of these institutions that cannot be disassociated from the drive for cultural inclusiveness and diversity. A building with space that can be considered with endless possibilities for use when â€Å"escaping the straitjacket of conforming to a giving role and move into a sharing mode† (MacLeod, 2005, p.25). In other words, a diverse audience needs a diversity of spaces that reflect, provoke and thrill. CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM CHAPTER 3: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN LONDON CHAPTER 4: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM Frank Gehrys Guggenheim museum is acknowledged worldwide as a magnet for tourism, but can it be truly considered an expression of the Basque peoples cultural identity? Or is it just an architects expressionist gesture in an industrial city? The New York Times depicts The Bilbao Guggenheim as part of an ambitious plan to revise the city as an international centre of culture. The museum is not just a neutral container where art is stored and presented, but a place where the institution itself is in relation with the public. GLOBALISATION It could be said that globalisation creates struggle between the dominant and the dominated cultures within a society and the search for a reconstructed identity of a society. (AlSayyad, 2009, p. 22) Within the Spanish Basque region, it is evident that their identity has been burdened with tension in their attempt to stress their own regional identities and singularities from the rest of Spain (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 74). However one can argue that in this case globalisation has become a force in strengthening and proliferating a cultural identity, allowing the idea of identity to change into a more universal commodity represented by the museum itself. But how do issues of globalisation affect the architecture itself, especially in terms of the Bilbao Guggenheim? The new advances of technology, communication and construction methods create interventions for local cultures and establish the identities of a place. Gehrys use of cutting-edge computer design technology enabled him to translate his forms into reality (Chulvi, 2007) (see 1.1). Architectural statements such as the Guggenheim Bilbao are often questioned at times in whether or not they have relation to the place and identity. There could be two sides to this argument, one side could be seeking to safeguard and extend already established indigenous architectural traditions, promoting historical continuity and the preservation of identity through traditional decorative forms. The other side which is in more relation to the Guggenheim Bilbao, considers globalisation as a force that seeks to encourage invention and distribution of new forms using new materials and technology in response to changing needs to have relation to the place and identity. Gehry has been quotes in saying, â€Å"Democracy is good for architecture. Pluralistic ideas are what we want presented in architecture, the lead to a visual chaos is part of our lives† (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 58). There is an opportunity for growth in unique architectural forms in all of its diversity and 2903687145_5cb25af9b6 inclusivity. NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY The Basque people have been able to preserve their distinct culture and language while flourishing in an environment of globalisation, post-modernity, and European integration (Castillo, 2008). Currently, integrating the two social collectives of nationalists and non-nationalists within the region is growing (Castillo, 2008). However how does a group of people who have never had a country to call their own continue to hold on to their own cultural identity? The Bilbao Guggenheim is a phenomenon of cultural development employing â€Å"the three successive phases posited by the theory of cultural epochs- a period of chaos, a period of adjustment, and a period of equilibrium in cultural change† (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 74). All around the world culture operates as an engine for new regional and urban development, one could say that no strategic growth of a city would take place without the role of culture (Zukin, 1995, p.11). In the case of the Basque region, it was sufferin g deterioration caught up in a decline in inspiration along with cultural institutions progressively being abandoned. Simultaneously, the Guggenheim Foundation was in need of a new concept of the museum, capable to withstand the achievement of Guggenheim in New York, yet gaining its own recognition abroad. Co-operation between two considerably different cultures occurred in recovering the identity of a small society (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 77). As Frank Gehry himself explains , the museum embodies two different cultures, the Basque culture and American, which is considered as a melting pot used to extend its arms to everybody (Farnsworth, 1997). The Bilbao Guggenheim is proof of culture being a key strategy in not only providing a physical renewal but a new injection of self-esteem within a city and an entire region. (see 1.2) Culture in the case of the development of this building, can be seen as something essential to humankind and above all to a society in regaining values and providing a sense of identity. Rather than ignoring the cultural context of the city entirely, the fabric is restored, connecting any form of cultural isolation with the new building. The curving forms of the building glide over the River Nervion, a main bridged entry to the Spanish city, shattering strict perpendicularity and ridged geometry regularly associated with museum architecture, providing a new model of collective identification (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005,p. 42). The rejection of these norms is emphasised by the titanium cladding, making the building appear as a single entity that intertwines the city around it. Like the Basque region the building is a place of â€Å"contested borders† (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005,p. 42). (see 1.3) Whether Gehrys building actually erases the citys cultural heritage is debatable. Bilbao is famous for its maritime history, after Barcelona, it has Spains largest port. The Bilbao Guggenheim pays tribute to its own surroundings as it edges onto the riverfront. Its exterior sculpted out of steel, which is traditionally the main industry of the city (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 154). The museums relationship with the city is conceived as the outcome of a perceived social need, as society changes and new social needs arise, new building forms will be produced in order to fulfill that need. The Bilbao Guggenhem facilitates a complete urban facelift, a driver for the citys urban regeneration, communicating not only its importance to the city as a powerful foci, but the citys mark in the cultural world. As a result, after Bilbao every city aspires to its own Guggenheim effect the â€Å"build it and they will come† (Barreneche, 2005, p.6) belief is what cities have taken on for their museums after untitled STYLE AND IDENTITY OF ARCHITECT Frank Gehry is widely recognised as a North American architect whose combination of steel, high-tech and flowing designs have broken the rigid hold of rectilinear design that has dominated most of Modern architecture (Zieger, 2005, p. 8). However the question remains: is it a good idea for the city to have an international museum built by a foreign architect? Gehry was quoted as spending a lot of time trying to understand the culture and trying to understand the Basque people. He explains, I related to them because I was raised in a Jewish upbringing in Toronto, Canada, so I was an outsider into the culture when I was a kid. And I understandI empathized with this outsider role, andbut I cant put my finger on a piece of the building and say this is Basque, but they seem to think I captured their spirit. I tried to use the materials of the region to build the building. The stone in Spanish. The steel structure is Spanish. All the work people were Basque. (Farnsworth, 1997) One can assume to Gehry a rich piece of architecture would combine elements in a way that preserve the coherence of their origins. At its best, the process of gathering cultural elements and marrying them to the sensitivities of a gifted architect can result in a powerful work of architecture such as the Bilbao Guggenheim. According to the Bilbao Revitalization Plan, the natural slope running down to the riverfront was to be transformed into a green valley, but Gehry did not want to lose the industrial feel of the existing waterfront. (see 1.4 1.5) People say that the design of the museums architecture was inspired during Gehry climb up the Mundana, one of the highest mountains in the outskirts of Bilbao. â€Å"Seen from the river, the building appears to take the shape of a boat paying homage to the port city that has given its home. The museums bright, shining panels resemble fish scales, reflecting the influence of natural forms and shapes.† (Chulvi, 2007) One could argue that the architects use of abstract, free-form components from local materials are reminiscent of Modernist Spanish sculptures, a cultural aspect valued by the Basque, or how the architects design of the enormous boat-shaped gallery is a dedication toward Bilbaos past as a centre of shipbuilding and trade (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 154). Many would argue that Gehrys design for the Bilbao Guggenheim truly reflects the identity of the Basque people even though the architect himself has no relation to region. However, there is a degree of sensitivity to the regions character that can be witnessed through the architecture. The city of Bilbao places an emphasis on the institution Gehry has designed, as having an important role in defining public culture. This has been achieved through the architects process of negotiating what architectural expressions could be accepted by the people. ECONOMY AND POLITICS Gehrys museum was hailed an as instant landmark, bringing a sense of relevance to architecture in the transformation of cities. (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 7) The Basque region was in need of local development due to its rustic city appearance and distinct regional identity compared to the rest of Spain. Primarily, the Basque region was in need of distancing itself from the negativity that it was associated with, such as being recognised as a terrorist region. Bilbao, the largest city in the Basque country, is a stronghold for the separatist group ETA (Basque Fatherland and Liberty), which seeks independence from Spain through often violent behavior (Farnsworth, 1997). For the Guggenheim Foundation this was an opportunity to fund a centerpiece of huge urban renewal for Bilbao. Previous museum concepts were of a private space for seekers of wisdom, philosophers and historians. Currently the museums directors are in favor of new futuristic architectural visions that were unimaginable years before, representing a museums city and forming the basis of urban regeneration such as Bilbao Guggenheim. The titanium shapes flourish through Bilbaos dark cornices and nearby smokestacks, as Andrew Friedman (see Zieger, 2005, p. 9) explains, †¦the nearby smokestacks and cranes; they seem†¦to be Gehrys whimsical idea of visually rendering the tumultuous and violent process by which a once-working industrial waterfront is brought to heel-an actual enactment of the grim process that the Guggenheim makes a point of capitalising on. The capitlisation Friedman mentions is the transformation of Bilbao from living city to an architectural destination. In other words the city acquires a signature building in order to stimulate a citys makeover (Zeiger, 2005, p.9). The design of the museum is recognised as a drive for social and economic regeneration, from traditional forms, to, in this case, a spectacular one off statement that challenges architectural preconceptions and creates a visual feast while maintaining the integrity of the site. Why have contemporary museums become a favorite tool of urban regeneration and redevelopment schemes since the Bilbao Guggenheim? Referred to as the â€Å"miracle,† (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 7) Frank Gehrys Bilbao Guggenheim changed the face of the Bilbao city, and set up to give a new purpose to an abandoned industrial estate. â€Å"Since the Guggenheim was built, Bilbao has never been the same again the museum has helped create pedestrianised areas that run from the t own hall to the port on the shores of the river.† (Chulvi, 2007) The answer is that museums allow an opportunity for growth in unique architectural forms in all of its diversity and inclusivity. CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM CHAPTER 3: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN CHAPTER 4: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM The Jewish War Museums design is so powerful that it can be considered as an artifact in its own right. Even as it was unveiled in 1999 with nothing in it, the building was said to evoke a sense of loss and dislocation inflicted on Europes Jewish population the Holocaust in World War II (Barreneche, 2006, p.121). Through the buildings brief and urban site, Libeskinds Jewish Museum echoes the history of Berlin creating an emotional effect on the visitor. GLOBALISATION Cultural identity is something people have, and a form of traditional inheritance that is shared, something that needs to be protected and preserved. In contemporary society, globalisation has been portrayed sweeping through diverse cultures, and bringing a homogenized cultural experience (Tomlinson, 2003, p. 270). However, one can argue that globalisation, instead of destroying, has become a force in creating and developing cultural identity, allowing the idea of identity to change into a more collective entity. In terms of how this relates to the Jewish Museum, the building is not just seen as a response to some traditions, it is also open to new ones, a link to the past and the future (see 2.1). The mission of the Jewish Museum, and for all new museums, is not just for the city themselves but for the wider public, in which it becomes a communal existence. Around the globe, in every corner, new museums have appeared, coming in every shape and size, appealing to various preferences (Barreneche, 2005, p. 6). As Victoria Newhouse notes (see Barreneche, 2005, p.6), â€Å"One intriguing aspect of the current proliferation of museums is the ‘museumfication of seemingly every phenomenon†. The Jewish Museum is an example of this, and one could assume that through the guidance of globalisation, there are Jewish Museums in cities from New York to Sydney stemming from Libeskinds prominent Berlin museum. (Barreneche, 2005, p. 6). NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY Culture is cumulative and changing by additions of successive generations, reinterpreted from one individual or group to another. The designed environments of contemporary museums create a setting and representation of particular cultural identities. Daniel Libeskinds Jewish War Museum in Berlin encompasses these attributes, it is a building that engrains Jewish history. The design is based on a process of connecting lines between the locations of historic events and the locations of Jewish culture in Berlin. This is evident from the buildings plan with the zigzag footprint, symbolically derived from a fragmented Star of David (Barreneche, 2006, p.121). (see 2.2) The architect has created metaphors for the absence of Jewish communities in Berlin where the lines slices the plan (Barreneche, 2005, p. 121). The concepts of absence, emptiness and the invisible express the disappearance of Jewish culture in the city. Libeskind proves there is a powerful faith in the ability of people to l earn Relationship Between Museum and Cultural Identity Relationship Between Museum and Cultural Identity THE MUSEUM AND THE CITY: AN EMBODIMENT OF CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE CITY IN WHICH IT STANDS INTRODUCTION As society enters a new century, many cultures have recond to an age of globalisation and, in turn, are embracing the idea of contemporary living. This results in the development of cutting-edge technology, new methods of communication, and the rapid growth of cities, causing indigenous culture of cities to increasingly blend. The desire to embrace this dynamic compels many architects to consider ways of creating architecture truly representative of a wide range of humanity. These new advances create city growth, impacting on urban form and the design process of the public institutions, including museums, which is what this dissertation will primarily explore. The result is to extend the range of materials, forms, cultural references and social thinking available to museum architecture. But does this create an uninspired sameness, where some identities are being ignored and/or distorted? Where the notion of cultures integrating really means the identity struggle between the dominants and the dominated? One could speculate that now, more rapidly than before, the architecture of the museum and the city simultaneously evolve to meet the cultural identity of the people. But are these buildings, in fact representative of the national identity of a city or the individuality of the architect? This dissertation investigates the architects role in designing museums, establishing to what extent the design reflects or stems from the cultural identity of the city. The relationship between the museum and the city in which to belongs is complex. In order to establish an understanding, the study consults a wide range of resources that address issues of cultural identity within a museums national and civic perspective. Additionally, the research made reference to economic and political issues regarding museums, the study of how globalisation is reflected within a cultural and affects architecture, and case studies to support the statement that architects may intend for their museum designs to be representations of a cultural identity within the city. There are now new ways of experiencing, interpreting and remembering. The contemporary architecture of museums are a strong medium of cultural memory, developing from the museums traditional forms as monuments symbolising the power of key individuals within a society, into an expressive entity that creates dialogue between its contents and urban context. The otherwise conventional manner of designing develops into a world of contradictions, assorted rhythms and new ideas of beauty in the design of museums. The physicality of the building represents that of theatrical effects, incorporating contemporary elements of architectural form as a method of entertainment, whilst engaging the interest of the citys individuals and of those from further afield. Millions are drawn to what is no longer a dying institution, but a visual destination for the public, in a form that encompasses the societys identity. One can assume this is influenced by the cultural pluralism within the buildings city c ontext, and considering the many identities as a plural identity. The diverse elements are woven into a sustainable, integrated spatial fabric that contributes to the life of the city. An approach which allows architectural freedom for a building type that has been described by some sources as overlooked by the public. Due to this studys word restriction, it is not possible to evaluate in detail more than four relevant case studies. This limitation resulted in the careful consideration of case studies varying in terms of locality and architect. Furthermore, due to time restrictions, it was not possible to carry out additional primary research which could have entailed supplementary site visits to the investigated case studies and additional data found in initial research methods such as interviews and questionnaires. The dissertations methodology consists of individually exploring and studying four case studies against the dissertations argument, in order to then properly conclude whether it can be proven to be accurate. These case studies pose as cultural barometers, where during investigation they help assess the extent in which they fulfill a citys cultural identity. The examination method entails drawing on a combination of primary research such as site visits to secondary research, drawing on existing written information from books, articles and online sources. The case studies follow a chronological order, beginning with Chapter One: Frank Gehrys Bilbao Guggenheim, a museum which initiated an influence on the case studies that have followed such as Chapter Two: Daniel Libeskinds Jewish War Museum, Chapter 3: Herzog and de Meurons Tate Modern London and Chapter 4: Zaha Hadids Contemporary Arts Centre. To further develop whether an architects design of contemporary museums truly reflect the citys cultural identity, each case study is analysed in th light of the following issues: Globalisation outlines whether certain cultural identities are lost or just changing within the museums civic context, especially as cities more than nations contend to draw global attention through these culturally significant public buildings. The sub-chapter concerning National and Civic Identity explores how culture influences in terms of the architectural context of the museum in a national and civic perspective. This provides a framework for exploring how architects use ideas about culture and cultural contradictions to create the structures and spaces to engage a society. The issue will discover how the design of the museum is a task of seeking an image essentially of ourselves. Style and Identity of the Architect briefly examines how the architects own identity, who themselves are either travelers or immigrants, insiders/outsiders of the city in which they design for, influences the ultimate design of the citys museum along with their own architectural style. Economy and Poli tics is a sub-chapter concerning who pays, owns and benefits from the establishment of these institutions. How cities acquire signature museums in order to stimulate their economic and ultimately cultural development. The museum building boom has been accelerated by what has become known as The Bilbao Guggenheim Effect . The sub-chapter investigates how Frank Gehrys museum has influenced these case studies to replicate their own â€Å"Bilbao Guggenheim Effect† within their cities. By putting up a museum with architectural credentials, Gehry revitalised a civic and cultural image, demonstrating that a single building could energise and enhance an entire city and region. DISCUSSION THE CONTEXT OF THE MUSEUM: INVENTION AND REINVENTION Layer upon layer, past times preserve themselves in the city until life itself finally threatened with suffocation: then, in sheer defense, modern man invents the museum. [Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities] These words from Lewis Mumfords The Culture of Cities depicts how the museum was manifested as a commodification of a citys overpowering history (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 1). The design development of this building type has been changing since the museum was established in the 18th century, beginning as a space for private collections of wealthy individuals, only accessible by the middle and upper class (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 4). Presently, the museum is a response to contemporary social change, a space that wishes to connect within its urban fabric surroundings and open to all. A museums design acknowledges the way in which it can order, store and display its belongings, the institutions relationship to a city and surrounding cultures lacks investigation, leaving questions about the museums role in an urban context (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). Culture surpasses the ways in which something can be represented and housed, it can be seen as an expression of us. Today, culture is challenged i n a world struggling for established institutions such as schools, libraries etc., which often are said to lack in relation to the people (Zukin, 1995, p. 11). Museums are no longer seen as fixed frameworks, but a place for public interaction and exchange. One could consider that one of the buildings functions is to absorb the cultures within the city, and then reflect and shape this within an architectural form. The museum itself visually exemplifies its roles within a city, for instance unlocking urban memories, reconfiguring the past, aiding in touristic rediscovery and exploitation of a place to the whole urban environment, roles that challenge the museums attempt to reconnect culture and a citys built form (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). There is an ability to recon a city with the use of museums, from â€Å"systematically inserting them, to salvaging or reconstructing them† into the urban fabric (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 2). Therefore the museums cultural significance surpasses that of any other building types. In The Museum Transformed, by Douglas Davis (1990, p.14) asserts that, â€Å"no building type can match the museum for symbolic or architectural importance† because it is so often redefined due to its stimulation from cultural development. The museum can be considered as an entity that defines, represents and creates cultural trends ahead of its own place in time. As quoted from MacLeod (2005, p.1), â€Å"As museums have come to be consciously recognized as drivers for social and economic regeneration, the architecture of the museum has developed from its traditional forms into often-spectacular one off statements and architectural visions.† Architects persuasively argue for a new type of ex perience, aiming to appeal to a general audience rather than the scholarly advisors soughing to replicate tradition (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 3). This is an aspiration expressed from an analysis of contemporary society and its future direction, that being cultural diversity, resulting in the commissioning of strongly conceptualised museums to devote to multiplicity. As Relph (1976, p. 33) claims, †¦for each setting and for each person there are a multiplicity of place identities reflecting different experiences and attitudes; these are molded out of the common elements of appearance†¦through the changing interactions of direct observation with preconceptions. In the past however, the significance of museums were solely to serve a refined function, transcending the thinking of the scholars and academics, along with manifesting the power of a city (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 4). Relph (1976, p. 35) provides evidence to this claim in mentioning, Public places which achieve their publicity through high imageability are not necessary innocent- their distinctive appearance or form maybe capitalised upon or even created as a statement of grandeur and authority to be regarded in awe by common people. The museum was considered a monument, take examples such as The Louvre in Paris, or the Uffizi in Florence, they are models of the grandeur museums encompassed (Merkel, 2002, p. 66), significant in urban context, deliberately chosen to emphasise a citys status, and drawing attention within a public space. Traditionally understood as temples of knowledge, the architecture itself could be said to represent the value of knowledge. This belief was prominent in the early period of museum founding where the scale of buildings also symbolised power, so much so that the museum evoked the metaphor of a cathedral. Historian Jayne Merkel (2002, p. 66) writes, Not surprisingly, palace architecture-grand, classical, urban, and horizontal-was a principal influence when the first museums were designed. But like most public buildings at the time, they were built in the classical style for other reasons as well, including classicisms associations with government, law (Roman basilicas), with the sacred (Greek temples and Italian Renaissance churches) and with the culture and art of the past. Today, the museum could be considered as a building type that satisfies a citys need for symbolic signification, and an indicator of metropolitan aspirations such as world-wide recognition. A desire to entertain and educate society, along with a â€Å"sensitivity that refuses to bore, alienate or pander to the public† (Zieger, 2005, p. 17). If this is the case, then the status of a great city can entail in encompassing several of these institutions, thus the spread of museums witnessed during the nineteenth and twentieth century indicating the start of city rivalry. At the start of the twenty-first century, the museum as architecture has been reinstated as an evocative entity, as opposed to decades devoted to neutral, voided spaces lacking symbolic significance and strict functionality termed as â€Å"white box† (Lampugnani Sachs, 1999, p. 15). Museums began to create dialogue with their content and urban context. They can be seen as similar in some ways to churches, to shopping centres and other places of gathering, but they have a function different from these examples, they contain things of enquiry. The museum has made a considerable contribution to a city, adding historic and cultural significance along with contributing to a citys metropolitan status, presumably due to the transformative possibilities of museums (Giebelhausen, 2003 p. 9). The city and its museum are in conjunction to one another, one could believe the museum is a citys method of revealing cultural meaning through its architectural forms. This belief is an advanceme nt from the words of the theorist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, ridiculing museums as cemeteries, stating that they were â€Å"truly identical in their sinister juxtaposition of bodies that do not know each other,† along with a judgement that cultural institutions were dilapidating. (see Zieger, 2005, p. 7) A society today uses the museum to represent a new dynamic form of culture, reflected through an innovative physical form that is often considered a visual spectacle of the city, that one could believe draws visitors to it in theatre like fashion. Consequently it can be theorised that they are quickly becoming radical buildings constructed in a world driven by the need to address new concepts of diversity and equality (Zukin, 1995 p. 2). Rather than just â€Å"cultural cemeteries piling up gilt frame paintings† (Zeiger, 2005, p.11), they are spaces of social condensing- a space attempting to build a community rather than filling a city with volumes of emptiness. As Dan iel Libeskind was quoted in saying â€Å"†¦its not just some sort of container, some abstract piece if glass and concrete, it is part of a communicative system.† The design challenge in the multicultural growth of cities is to find an architectural expression that goes beyond the conventional, while something relevant to contemporary life. Contemporary museum design can be deemed as a physical entity of cultural trends developing within the city (Zukin, 1995 p. 2), either recognising which cultures are integrating or if the city epitomises a specific one. No matter what conclusions are drawn out from a citys cultural make-up museums are a place where people go to mix with others unlike themselves, by having a broad appeal they must aim to please a vast variety of people. Libeskind confirms this in his words, †¦(museum) architecture is what is common between people, and what a contribution it makes to the viability of a city, and to civic space. †¦we might as well make in inspiring environment, an environment that is more than just a shallow faà §ade of something inauthentic. (Cathcart, 2001) To avoid the idea of an undistinguished environment is by physically fitting in the cultural identity related to the city. The museum in a physical setting is a structural body of city understanding and city change. There can be no denying the importance of its architecture in the urban environment in terms of regeneration, tourism, symbolism and so on (Zukin, 1995, p.2). Society as a whole has been persuaded that museums are agents of social economic change. There has been an unprecedented period of radical reshaping, building, rebuilding in the design of these institutions that cannot be disassociated from the drive for cultural inclusiveness and diversity. A building with space that can be considered with endless possibilities for use when â€Å"escaping the straitjacket of conforming to a giving role and move into a sharing mode† (MacLeod, 2005, p.25). In other words, a diverse audience needs a diversity of spaces that reflect, provoke and thrill. CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM CHAPTER 3: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN LONDON CHAPTER 4: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM Frank Gehrys Guggenheim museum is acknowledged worldwide as a magnet for tourism, but can it be truly considered an expression of the Basque peoples cultural identity? Or is it just an architects expressionist gesture in an industrial city? The New York Times depicts The Bilbao Guggenheim as part of an ambitious plan to revise the city as an international centre of culture. The museum is not just a neutral container where art is stored and presented, but a place where the institution itself is in relation with the public. GLOBALISATION It could be said that globalisation creates struggle between the dominant and the dominated cultures within a society and the search for a reconstructed identity of a society. (AlSayyad, 2009, p. 22) Within the Spanish Basque region, it is evident that their identity has been burdened with tension in their attempt to stress their own regional identities and singularities from the rest of Spain (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 74). However one can argue that in this case globalisation has become a force in strengthening and proliferating a cultural identity, allowing the idea of identity to change into a more universal commodity represented by the museum itself. But how do issues of globalisation affect the architecture itself, especially in terms of the Bilbao Guggenheim? The new advances of technology, communication and construction methods create interventions for local cultures and establish the identities of a place. Gehrys use of cutting-edge computer design technology enabled him to translate his forms into reality (Chulvi, 2007) (see 1.1). Architectural statements such as the Guggenheim Bilbao are often questioned at times in whether or not they have relation to the place and identity. There could be two sides to this argument, one side could be seeking to safeguard and extend already established indigenous architectural traditions, promoting historical continuity and the preservation of identity through traditional decorative forms. The other side which is in more relation to the Guggenheim Bilbao, considers globalisation as a force that seeks to encourage invention and distribution of new forms using new materials and technology in response to changing needs to have relation to the place and identity. Gehry has been quotes in saying, â€Å"Democracy is good for architecture. Pluralistic ideas are what we want presented in architecture, the lead to a visual chaos is part of our lives† (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 58). There is an opportunity for growth in unique architectural forms in all of its diversity and 2903687145_5cb25af9b6 inclusivity. NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY The Basque people have been able to preserve their distinct culture and language while flourishing in an environment of globalisation, post-modernity, and European integration (Castillo, 2008). Currently, integrating the two social collectives of nationalists and non-nationalists within the region is growing (Castillo, 2008). However how does a group of people who have never had a country to call their own continue to hold on to their own cultural identity? The Bilbao Guggenheim is a phenomenon of cultural development employing â€Å"the three successive phases posited by the theory of cultural epochs- a period of chaos, a period of adjustment, and a period of equilibrium in cultural change† (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 74). All around the world culture operates as an engine for new regional and urban development, one could say that no strategic growth of a city would take place without the role of culture (Zukin, 1995, p.11). In the case of the Basque region, it was sufferin g deterioration caught up in a decline in inspiration along with cultural institutions progressively being abandoned. Simultaneously, the Guggenheim Foundation was in need of a new concept of the museum, capable to withstand the achievement of Guggenheim in New York, yet gaining its own recognition abroad. Co-operation between two considerably different cultures occurred in recovering the identity of a small society (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 77). As Frank Gehry himself explains , the museum embodies two different cultures, the Basque culture and American, which is considered as a melting pot used to extend its arms to everybody (Farnsworth, 1997). The Bilbao Guggenheim is proof of culture being a key strategy in not only providing a physical renewal but a new injection of self-esteem within a city and an entire region. (see 1.2) Culture in the case of the development of this building, can be seen as something essential to humankind and above all to a society in regaining values and providing a sense of identity. Rather than ignoring the cultural context of the city entirely, the fabric is restored, connecting any form of cultural isolation with the new building. The curving forms of the building glide over the River Nervion, a main bridged entry to the Spanish city, shattering strict perpendicularity and ridged geometry regularly associated with museum architecture, providing a new model of collective identification (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005,p. 42). The rejection of these norms is emphasised by the titanium cladding, making the building appear as a single entity that intertwines the city around it. Like the Basque region the building is a place of â€Å"contested borders† (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005,p. 42). (see 1.3) Whether Gehrys building actually erases the citys cultural heritage is debatable. Bilbao is famous for its maritime history, after Barcelona, it has Spains largest port. The Bilbao Guggenheim pays tribute to its own surroundings as it edges onto the riverfront. Its exterior sculpted out of steel, which is traditionally the main industry of the city (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 154). The museums relationship with the city is conceived as the outcome of a perceived social need, as society changes and new social needs arise, new building forms will be produced in order to fulfill that need. The Bilbao Guggenhem facilitates a complete urban facelift, a driver for the citys urban regeneration, communicating not only its importance to the city as a powerful foci, but the citys mark in the cultural world. As a result, after Bilbao every city aspires to its own Guggenheim effect the â€Å"build it and they will come† (Barreneche, 2005, p.6) belief is what cities have taken on for their museums after untitled STYLE AND IDENTITY OF ARCHITECT Frank Gehry is widely recognised as a North American architect whose combination of steel, high-tech and flowing designs have broken the rigid hold of rectilinear design that has dominated most of Modern architecture (Zieger, 2005, p. 8). However the question remains: is it a good idea for the city to have an international museum built by a foreign architect? Gehry was quoted as spending a lot of time trying to understand the culture and trying to understand the Basque people. He explains, I related to them because I was raised in a Jewish upbringing in Toronto, Canada, so I was an outsider into the culture when I was a kid. And I understandI empathized with this outsider role, andbut I cant put my finger on a piece of the building and say this is Basque, but they seem to think I captured their spirit. I tried to use the materials of the region to build the building. The stone in Spanish. The steel structure is Spanish. All the work people were Basque. (Farnsworth, 1997) One can assume to Gehry a rich piece of architecture would combine elements in a way that preserve the coherence of their origins. At its best, the process of gathering cultural elements and marrying them to the sensitivities of a gifted architect can result in a powerful work of architecture such as the Bilbao Guggenheim. According to the Bilbao Revitalization Plan, the natural slope running down to the riverfront was to be transformed into a green valley, but Gehry did not want to lose the industrial feel of the existing waterfront. (see 1.4 1.5) People say that the design of the museums architecture was inspired during Gehry climb up the Mundana, one of the highest mountains in the outskirts of Bilbao. â€Å"Seen from the river, the building appears to take the shape of a boat paying homage to the port city that has given its home. The museums bright, shining panels resemble fish scales, reflecting the influence of natural forms and shapes.† (Chulvi, 2007) One could argue that the architects use of abstract, free-form components from local materials are reminiscent of Modernist Spanish sculptures, a cultural aspect valued by the Basque, or how the architects design of the enormous boat-shaped gallery is a dedication toward Bilbaos past as a centre of shipbuilding and trade (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 154). Many would argue that Gehrys design for the Bilbao Guggenheim truly reflects the identity of the Basque people even though the architect himself has no relation to region. However, there is a degree of sensitivity to the regions character that can be witnessed through the architecture. The city of Bilbao places an emphasis on the institution Gehry has designed, as having an important role in defining public culture. This has been achieved through the architects process of negotiating what architectural expressions could be accepted by the people. ECONOMY AND POLITICS Gehrys museum was hailed an as instant landmark, bringing a sense of relevance to architecture in the transformation of cities. (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 7) The Basque region was in need of local development due to its rustic city appearance and distinct regional identity compared to the rest of Spain. Primarily, the Basque region was in need of distancing itself from the negativity that it was associated with, such as being recognised as a terrorist region. Bilbao, the largest city in the Basque country, is a stronghold for the separatist group ETA (Basque Fatherland and Liberty), which seeks independence from Spain through often violent behavior (Farnsworth, 1997). For the Guggenheim Foundation this was an opportunity to fund a centerpiece of huge urban renewal for Bilbao. Previous museum concepts were of a private space for seekers of wisdom, philosophers and historians. Currently the museums directors are in favor of new futuristic architectural visions that were unimaginable years before, representing a museums city and forming the basis of urban regeneration such as Bilbao Guggenheim. The titanium shapes flourish through Bilbaos dark cornices and nearby smokestacks, as Andrew Friedman (see Zieger, 2005, p. 9) explains, †¦the nearby smokestacks and cranes; they seem†¦to be Gehrys whimsical idea of visually rendering the tumultuous and violent process by which a once-working industrial waterfront is brought to heel-an actual enactment of the grim process that the Guggenheim makes a point of capitalising on. The capitlisation Friedman mentions is the transformation of Bilbao from living city to an architectural destination. In other words the city acquires a signature building in order to stimulate a citys makeover (Zeiger, 2005, p.9). The design of the museum is recognised as a drive for social and economic regeneration, from traditional forms, to, in this case, a spectacular one off statement that challenges architectural preconceptions and creates a visual feast while maintaining the integrity of the site. Why have contemporary museums become a favorite tool of urban regeneration and redevelopment schemes since the Bilbao Guggenheim? Referred to as the â€Å"miracle,† (Guasch and Zulaika, 2005, p. 7) Frank Gehrys Bilbao Guggenheim changed the face of the Bilbao city, and set up to give a new purpose to an abandoned industrial estate. â€Å"Since the Guggenheim was built, Bilbao has never been the same again the museum has helped create pedestrianised areas that run from the t own hall to the port on the shores of the river.† (Chulvi, 2007) The answer is that museums allow an opportunity for growth in unique architectural forms in all of its diversity and inclusivity. CHAPTER ONE : FRANK GEHRYS BILBAO GUGGENHEIM CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM CHAPTER 3: HERZOG AND DE MEURONS TATE MODERN CHAPTER 4: ZAHA HADIDS CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE CHAPTER TWO: DANIEL LIBESKINDS JEWISH WAR MUSEUM The Jewish War Museums design is so powerful that it can be considered as an artifact in its own right. Even as it was unveiled in 1999 with nothing in it, the building was said to evoke a sense of loss and dislocation inflicted on Europes Jewish population the Holocaust in World War II (Barreneche, 2006, p.121). Through the buildings brief and urban site, Libeskinds Jewish Museum echoes the history of Berlin creating an emotional effect on the visitor. GLOBALISATION Cultural identity is something people have, and a form of traditional inheritance that is shared, something that needs to be protected and preserved. In contemporary society, globalisation has been portrayed sweeping through diverse cultures, and bringing a homogenized cultural experience (Tomlinson, 2003, p. 270). However, one can argue that globalisation, instead of destroying, has become a force in creating and developing cultural identity, allowing the idea of identity to change into a more collective entity. In terms of how this relates to the Jewish Museum, the building is not just seen as a response to some traditions, it is also open to new ones, a link to the past and the future (see 2.1). The mission of the Jewish Museum, and for all new museums, is not just for the city themselves but for the wider public, in which it becomes a communal existence. Around the globe, in every corner, new museums have appeared, coming in every shape and size, appealing to various preferences (Barreneche, 2005, p. 6). As Victoria Newhouse notes (see Barreneche, 2005, p.6), â€Å"One intriguing aspect of the current proliferation of museums is the ‘museumfication of seemingly every phenomenon†. The Jewish Museum is an example of this, and one could assume that through the guidance of globalisation, there are Jewish Museums in cities from New York to Sydney stemming from Libeskinds prominent Berlin museum. (Barreneche, 2005, p. 6). NATIONAL AND CIVIC IDENTITY Culture is cumulative and changing by additions of successive generations, reinterpreted from one individual or group to another. The designed environments of contemporary museums create a setting and representation of particular cultural identities. Daniel Libeskinds Jewish War Museum in Berlin encompasses these attributes, it is a building that engrains Jewish history. The design is based on a process of connecting lines between the locations of historic events and the locations of Jewish culture in Berlin. This is evident from the buildings plan with the zigzag footprint, symbolically derived from a fragmented Star of David (Barreneche, 2006, p.121). (see 2.2) The architect has created metaphors for the absence of Jewish communities in Berlin where the lines slices the plan (Barreneche, 2005, p. 121). The concepts of absence, emptiness and the invisible express the disappearance of Jewish culture in the city. Libeskind proves there is a powerful faith in the ability of people to l earn