Psychoanalytical Approach Essay

?1. Psychoanalytical Criticism ?2. Psychoanalytical criticism is a type ofcriticism that uses theories of psychology to analyze literature. It focuses on theauthor’s state of mind or the state of the mind of fictional characters. ?3. Sigmund FreudPsychoanalytical criticism originated in the workof Sigmund Freud. Freud’s theories areconcerned with the nature of the unconsciousmind. According to Freud, the human mindconsists of three parts: the id, the ego andsuperego. ? The id is source of our instinctual and physical desires. ? The superego is the part of the psyche that has internalized the norms and mores of society. ? The ego is keeps mediating between the demands of the id and the superego. It is rational, logical, and conscious. ?4. Repression? We often repress what the id encourages us to think and do because the ego and superego tell us not to think and do, therefore forcing these unacceptable wishes into the unconscious. All of us have repressed wishes and fears.? Repressed desires emerge in disguised forms: dreams and language (slips). They emerge in symbolic form that require  analysis to reveal their meaning.? Many elements of psychology that Freud described appear in literary works. ?5. Freudian Literary Criticism? Freudian critics try to understand how the operations of repression structure or inform the work They pay close attention to unconscious motives and feelings, whether these be those of the author, or of the characters depicted in the work.? They demonstrate the presence in the literary work of classic psychoanalytic symptoms or conditions. ?6. Carl Gustav Jung and Jungian literary Criticism? Jung developed the theory of the collective unconscious, a collection of shared unconscious memories dating back to the origins of human experience and manifested in dreams, myths, and literature.? A great work of literature is not a disguised expression of repressed wishes, but a manifestation of the desires one held by the whole human race, and now repressed because of the advent of civilization.? Jungian analysis of literature tries to discover the images in a work of literature that a permanent and universal significance. ?7. Harold Bloom and the anxiety of InfluenceThe most important contemporary psychological criticis Harold Bloom. Bloom uses the Freudian concept ofrepression to apply it to literary history in general. Nopoet creates in isolation from his predecessors. In TheAnxiety of Influence, he argues that poetsunconsciously misread the poems of their greatpredecessors. The new poems are essentiallyrewritings of poems by a father-figure predecessor. Poets keep struggling to free themselves from thisinfluence of father-figure poets.

Impact Diet on Health

Diet makes people think as a weight loss regime. The majority of people think it is products with low calories, and help you to control your weight. But the actual meaning is a process of eating food or nutrients vitamins. Healthy diet and nutrition have a positive impact on human health. On the other hand poor diets have harmful lasting effects. If a human does not have a good diet the body won’t have any nutrients to play the inside role of the body. Nutrition helps your body to be strong and to fight against diseases.Unhealthy diet can have consequences with physical body, as well as can affect your thinking and mental job. A poor diet can result to many health issues, such as heart disease, high blood pressure high levels of cholesterol, asthma, sometimes even diabetes. But a very dangerous problem usually caused by eating less than you are supposed to can cause Anorexia.. This mental and physical disorder is usually found in athletes, models or ballet dancers, who aim to get thin day by day. This syndrome can be found in normal people who have an unhealthy poor diet.It is more towards a physiological disorder, there is a stage of Anorexia Nervosa is when person is constantly dieting carrying to an extreme level, and that is Dale. Dale is when people try to loose much more weight than necessary, and they still feel overweight. They see themselves as very fat, and that’s what makes them to keep on loosing weight. Force feeding anorexic people does not work, since there brain is mentally trained not to eat, therefore they will throw up if they are force fed. Having a poor diet can result many physical effects related to the extreme weight loss.Heart rate can increase, BMR, in addition to the body temperature all drop to low levels. When the fat in the human body is used, the body breaks the muscle tissue for energy, and that can result to heart damage. As well as if this disorder occurs in an age of puberty the body growth stops. Anorexic victim s usually have low confidence level which in generally cause of this disorder. The science has not found the exact treatment for this; but however a small treatment requires a team of professionals, physicians, nurses, psychiatrist and dieticians- to work together.Mental condition analysis is required to treat this. This treatment plan is developed that deals with physical effects of anorexia and mental reasons for its occurrence. It sometimes involves force feeding, and however does not work with most of the patients. The benefits of the treatment are that psychiatrists and dieticians try to convince the person to eat, as well as knowing the reason for occurrence. A drawback is that there is no certain cure for this, as well as it is very hard to encourage anorexic people to eat, it is very hard to put them back on the right track.At the same time as well as there is no medicine that can help to cure anorexic people. The social impact of anorexia is the relationship among family an d friends can be in tense as the anorexic becomes more and more obsessed with not eating, and tried to stay away from gatherings and parties in fear of force feeding. As well as this disease can be caused by political reasons. E. g. in some countries the distribution of cops is equal and if a family is not able to feed the children that will result to a poor diet and since the children are expected to work on the farms that means too much exercise and poor diet.And when the children get used to it, they do not feel hungry anymore and that is when anorexia can occur. Furthermore in some cultures or old traditions parents do not feed their daughters, or otherwise they will get fat and nobody will marry them. So they try to feed as least as possible and in addition to they can afford that much. If day by day they get less food than they are used to it, and get thin so much that don’t even realize. Also in some European countries they are forbidden to show slim models on TV and i n mass media advertisement, since the fans admire it so much they follow the celebrity.By not showing them this it can help to prevent it. . Every human being should look after their diet; they should apply all the vitamins nutrients their body requires. All individuals should have a diet, and shall be aware of the amount of nutrients they receive. Poor diet also consists of less nutrients, but also unhealthy food that does not help your body to cooperate with you. Anorexia is nowadays very common among people. Not knowing the reason behind it. And after a person has anorexia it is almost impossible to put him/her on the right track.Anorexia can lead to different stage, at a level where there is high risk of death. There are no single causes that may influence upon occurrence of anorexia. Usually, all 2 factors are brought into play: The psychological factor- influence of the family and internal conflicts The social factor- influence of environment, expectation, imitation (watching celebs on the TV, your friends around you, you are being insulted that you are fat) However there is no easy cure for this, so care for yourself, accept yourself, and you will never be caught into the trap of inferiority complex.

Inside Job Essay

The collapse started back in the 1980’s with the deregulation of Savings and loans, this meant that the government no longer was overseeing the manner in which business was conducted. This in its self did not create the collapse, but as time when along more deregulation in the banking sector took place. Banks could now begin to loosen their lending guidelines, this trend lead to what was know as sub prime lending. Many banks such as Chase, Citi, Bank of America, Countrywide and many more started these companies to lend to the less then slandered banking customers. This way the banks could still make money, but not jeopardize their portfolio customers. Now banks could lend money to customers that had credit scores less then 700 and with resent bankruptcy and even foreclosures and their credit. The biggest reason for the sub prime was money. Now there really was no limit on what interest rate the banks could charge for their sub prime products. The banks could then bundle their sub prime loans and sell them to Wall Street and receive margins on the loans, for example if the prime rate on Wall Street was 4.5% and your interest rate on your loans might be 9.5% Wall Street might pay the bank 3% on all their loans. Now this then is where the collapse is starting, Banks now are offering more and more products to lesser credit worthy customers at high rates and mortgage brokers and bankers are pushing these products because the banks are now offering incentives for these products and why because the banks are making money on them not because they are the best for the consumer. The next chapter of the collapse is on Wall Street as shown in the movie AIG comes up with this great insurance idea of derivatives for the sub prime market. What these derivatives would do is protect the servicers and buyers of sub prime loans in case the loans will fail and who helped AIG come up with this idea, Their next door neighbor and biggest buyer of sub prime loans Lehman Brothers. As we see in the movie everything comes to a head in 2008, Lehman Brothers closes, AIG is bailed out by the government and all sub prime lenders close.  Yet no one is prosecuted and most all the upper management from the companies that contributed to the collapse are either still teaching business in upper scale colleges or hold positions on government cabinets. In conclusion this movie shows how money and the promise of unlimited amounts, can turn Wall Street and the banking sector to do whatever it takes ethically or unethically to achieve it. We see that companies such as AIG and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will lie and doctor their accounting, and even pay to receive AAA rates even days before they went bankrupt so investors wouldn’t know. Has Wall Street learned its lesson or do they even care?

Critical Thinking And Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical Thinking And Decision Making - Essay Example The way my grandmother narrated her story allowed me to catch a glimpse of her past, which somehow reflected the pathos of the speech. It’s difficult to separate my emotional attachment with her and the pathos of her story, but I remember not feeling any form of pain or suffering from her speech; what I felt was sympathy. The logos, meanwhile, consisted of some information about the past and present states of education in the country. It was not widely different from what I had seen on books, newspapers, and news programs. She presented generally accepted truths about education instead of making logical connections among different premises. The speech had strengths and possessed several areas which can be improved. The main rhetorical component which made the speech persuasive was the ethos. My grandmother lives a very successful life which mirrors her values and beliefs about education. In addition, our emotional connection highlighted the otherwise absent pathos in the speech. My grandmother did not express any form of emotional appeal but I subtly sympathized with her experience. I think the logos could have functioned better if my grandmother drew logical conclusions from her experience with good education. A dramatic experience, meanwhile, could have firmly established the pathos of the speech. Assessing my grandmother’s speech improved my understanding of the three rhetorical components. A speech can be persuasive even if it stands on only one component (i.e. ethos in the case of my grandmother) but it would be more effective if it draws on the strengths of the other two components. I also realized that pathos need not be established as long as the speaker is emotionally connected with the

Personal Brand Building and Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Brand Building and Networking - Essay Example The author presents several core steps towards the development and control of a personal brand. Foremost, the author explicates that it is imperative for any individual, willing to create an appealing personal brand, to familiarize themselves with search engines to confirm whether the results that emerge prove a unique identity. The author of this article takes a technical stance when giving examples of useful tools used for cleaning up an individual’s web presence. This is to ensure that the emergent information that does not appeal to the individual disappears for new branding. Creating a reputation with handy tools online is the author’s next point. A personal website falls into this category. It is necessary to further claim personal web profiles and individual URL addresses on all, social interactive sites (Royse). Being active in networking is imperative for gradually creating a personal brand. Next, purchasing a unique domain is pertinent because the ownership av ails an opportunity to customize a person’s profile. Failure to secure a domain name leaves reputation in the possession of unknown parties, which may destroy a personal brand. Google Alerts aids in monitoring the individual’s website. The next useful step is creating a blog where sharing of individual perspectives and personal brands is easy. Blogs help in expanding personal networks beyond borders because it reaches many people, portraying expertise in various topics. Posting material that is helpful to counterparts and the entire world depicts social responsibility and progressive leadership qualities. The author stresses that personal brands, like company brands, deteriorate with time. A feedback loop is a channel through which an individual can obtain support, advice, and counsel from colleagues, family, and mentors (Royse). It enhances constant rejuvenation on an individual and establishes a tacit and unique personal brand. Personal Branding Wailen-Daugenti, in h er article, affirms that companies promote their brands to augment social awareness, visibility, popularity, and sales by giving instances of Apple and Nike companies that invest immensely in brand promotion. According to Daugenti, a personal brand offers individuals a chance to promote and highlight their careers. She points out that personal brand is pertinent because numerous recruiters use search software to perform track checks on their job candidates (Wilen-Daugenti). Social networking provides a diverse branding platform. She gives examples of how social networking hubs such as Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube have large numbers of subscribers. Personal brands depict how qualified an individual is to their potential customers, employers and recruiters. It is important to appreciate admirable brands of people that have succeeded in leadership and profession. People willing to establish their unique brands should network and interact with other people who can rate their brand (Wi len-Daugenti). Building a personal brand begins with listing skills, talents, accomplishments, goals, and individual traits that may be of use when perfective a personal brand. The author recommends the virtue of evaluating the brand periodically.  

Operations and IT Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operations and IT Management - Research Paper Example In some context, these could result to conflicts between corporate operation managers and information technology managers. This is because global markets vary in â€Å"currencies, telecommunications, languages, laws and practices† and at such complex situation may result to conflicts and frustrations (McNamara, 2011) .It is in this context that Information Lifecycle Management  (ILM), a practice of employing policies for effective information management through its ‘useful life’, is introduced to resolve potential and escalating conflicts between operation and information managers of a company or firm (Robbins, 2006). ILM offers a Records and Information Management (RIM) for 30 years already and had its roots from information management using microfilm, negatives, photographs, audio or video recordings and other assets including video lifecycle management (Longley and Shain, 1985).

Global Marketing Strategy and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Marketing Strategy and Practice - Essay Example It was founded in the year 1981 in the city of New York (Buffalo Wild Wings, Inc, n. d). Within 2009, the restaurant spread across 652 locations. The organization recently changed the headquarter form Cincinnati to Minneapolis (Buffalo Wild Wings, n. d). The most famous products of the organization are Buffalo wings and various sauces. The organization is popular all over the world as BW3 (Company history, n. d). Over the years, the organization have increased the variety of products with the introduction of more than dozen unique dipping sauces which are served with the special Buffalo style chicken wings. Besides specializing on the Buffalo wings, the restaurant chains have included various appetizers, burgers salads, desserts and refreshment in their menu (menus, n. d). More than 250 units of the restaurant are directly under the operation of the organization and the rest are operated by the franchisees (Franchise info, n. d). Reason for the primary choice of the markets of India , Japan and China could be attributed to the fact that the markets are hugely diversified and the preference of the customers for the fast foods in this part of the world are always at an increasing rate. Another factor which has guided behind the selection of the organization is the fact that the economies in the market of three countries are much more stable among the Asian countries and the organization is expected to deliver its best in the region. Process for the selection of the chosen market: The process of screening of the international market is undertaken by the analysis of the internal and external environment of the potential markets and finally coming to a conclusion regarding the choice of the country. Below is the diagrammatic representation of the screening process Internal environment Size of the market Amount of resource Degree of knowledge External environment Competitive environment Structure of industry Consideration of social, cultural and economic factors. Ana lysis of the market in China for international expansion Market Size: China is the most populous country in the world with a present population of nearly 1.341 billion. The vast population of china attracts business from all industries to invest in Chinese market. Market growth: The substantial growth in the market makes China as the second largest economy of the world after United States (CSR report for congress, 2007). Risk of investment: Initial research regarding the economic conditions interprets the market in china is stable and is capable of facing economic downturns. So any change in the global market scenario will not cause any huge loss for the marketers in China. Internal factors: In China the overall condition of the fast food industry is also very stable and the market keeps going in a rapid rate. China also the presence of various multinational fast food organizations and their figures reflect the fact that adoption to correct business strategies can yield favorable re sults for them (Fast food battle heats up in China, n. d). Market in Japan: Market size: The fast food market in Japan has been one of the most competitive markets in Japan’

Compare and contrast the two poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare and contrast the two poems - Essay Example Udiah’s work appeared to be more effective in delivering its message and emotion, for the poem’s sentence structures were written with simplicity. Similarities The subject that the two poems similarly discussed was ‘death.’ Both masterpieces conveyed the underlying message that death is part of the lives of mortal beings or it is part of the cycle of life. For instance, there was a line in the poem â€Å"Angel of Death† which said â€Å"fears of my slavery† (Udiah Line 22). This line means that individuals are slaves of death, and that human being’s life on earth is finite. Likewise, the poem â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† also communicated the same message through the line, â€Å"old age should burn and rage at close of day† (Thomas Line 2). This implies that the poet acknowledged that death is part of life. Since death was the subject matter discussed, both poems communicated the emotions such as struggle, sadness, and mourning. These were made more vivid through the poets’ utilization of metaphors. For instance, night and darkness were used as symbols for death. With this, the vision that the readers may create while reading both poems is darkness, which connotes sadness and loneliness due to desolation. In terms of the structures of the poem and the techniques that the poets used, similarities were also found. Both poems were structured in a formal manner, employing in uniform syllable counts. â€Å"Angel of Death† is composed of four stanzas with six lines in each. The first four lines in each stanza uniformly have six syllables, while the last two lines have eight syllables. The poem â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night† is composed of six stanzas with three lines in each, except for the last stanza which has four lines. Uniformly, each line has ten syllables. Udiah and Dylan Thomas used repeated lines to give drama and heighten the intensity of the mes sage they want to convey. For instance, the first poem repeatedly mentioned the line â€Å"the angel of death at his kill† (Udiah Lines 6, 12, 18, 24), while the other poem repeatedly uttered â€Å"rage, rage against the dying light† (Thomas Lines 3, 9, 15, 19) and â€Å"do not go gentle into that good night† (Thomas Lines 1, 6, 12, 18). In addition, both poets used the irony technique to explicitly express the artistic nature of poems. For example, the phrase ‘angel of death’ demonstrates irony, considering that angels are deemed good, yet they can also be deadly. The line â€Å"blind eyes could blaze like meteors† (Udiah Line 14) in the other poem, likewise shows irony, for it is impossible for a blind eyes to see dazzling light. On a personal point of view, the use of the formal poem structures, i.e. uniform syllable counts and rhyme schemes, have provided the readers with easy and enjoyable read. As a result, the readers may experience ea sy grasp of the subtle message of such masterpieces, and feel the emotion that those poems aspire to convey. Furthermore, the techniques that Udiah and Dylan Thomas used like the metaphor, repetitive lines, and irony have also added beauty to the poems. With those, the effectiveness of message transmission and message reception were elevated. Perhaps, such techniques made both poets effective on how they liked in conveying the

McDonald's Takes the Blame for Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McDonald's Takes the Blame for Obesity - Essay Example The following is an examination of Critical Concepts: Experts blame the adverts targeting children to be responsible for causing obesity. The most relevant concepts in the case against first food joints are their marketing policies. Perhaps the aim is to cripple the allure junk food produces through adverts which are particularly appealing to children. However, Ronald McDonald in the same light as Joe Camel is a bit of a stretch. Attacking the marketing strategies of business entities to me amounts to clutching at a straw. There are rules that govern the world of production and marketing. In a situation where a product has production rights, the production company has the right to market it. In view of the above sentiments, McDonald should consider rebranding its image but not to exclude Ronald McDonald. Marketers, especially in France argue that positive ad inclusions such as, â€Å"eat fruits daily, exercise, and drink a lot of water† appeal more to customers than severe hea lth warnings. For instance the caption, â€Å"cigarette smoking is harmful to your health, did not reduce the number of smokers in Europe or America. Therefore, adding health messages as proposed by the French is a constructive move. When McDonald includes the health messages in its ads it will go a step further to include healthy substitutes to its menu. Negative publicity led to drop in sales in McDonald’s. This caused McDonald to add healthy food to their menu such as porridge and salad. The move led to a 90% positive turnaround in sales. It should be noted that the increased sales result from consumption of â€Å"non-healthy† foods such as burgers and fries. Some European nations in their fight against obesity push for a ban on fast food advertisements that target children. However, it is imperative to note that advertisements not directed to children may still influence them. In a situation, where bans on advertising directly to children are in place such as in N orway, the food companies will still advertise for adults. Nevertheless, the bans are crucial because they eliminate at least one influence of obesity. Conforming to the ban is also a positive marketing strategy for McDonald’s. Consumers will see their efforts in implement change, and this will retain their loyalty to their products as mentioned above. Problems facing McDonald’s positive ad strategy. The state of obesity has not improved ever since the launch of positive ads by McDonald’s. This is not the company’s fault, but critics do not seem to think so. Governments and health regulatory institutions are up in arms against McDonald’s. For instance, Prince Charles of England out rightly attributes obesity to McDonald’s. In response to the above situation, McDonald responds just like most companies in the food production industry. Self regulation in regard to advertisement is a common strategy where the company reduces adverts directed at children. In the case of fast foods, the company specifically cuts down on use of celebrities and cartoon characters in advertisements. McDonald, however, is not fully committed to this strategy. In the U.K, its dominant market is children under the age of sixteen, and it does not intend to lose this market. McDonald instead favors positive health messages to run alongside their advertisements. That way McDonald’

The Attitudes toward the role of women from a religious standpoint Research Paper

The Attitudes toward the role of women from a religious standpoint - Research Paper Example This alludes to the fact that women in Buddhist Asia were, from quite early on, treated much better than their counterparts in other parts of Asia. Most observations on Buddhist women in the late 19th and early 20th century are made by Europeans who found themselves in Asia around this period. The most remarkable feature about Buddhist women to these early writers was their privilege. Sir Charles Bell a British Political Representative in Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim, wrote in 1928 that travelling to Tibet from India and China presents the visitor with an impression that Tibetan women are not kept in isolation as their Indian counterparts. In fact, the Tibetan women mingle with the opposite sex and are consequently at ease with men (Dewaraja 4). The most important thing to note is that the statement women in the world is a reference to European women at that time in history. These women are still struggling to walk shoulder to shoulder with their male counterparts. In Buddhism, subordination of women is given a religious sanction. According to the Law of Karma, one’s actions in the past will determine one’s position of wealth, power, talent and even sex in future births. One is reborn a woman because of one’s bad Karma. Because of such religious laws, attitudes towards women are not easily changed. Today women in Buddhism much like their predecessors 100 years ago struggle with such challenges. At the forefront of this campaign is Sakyadhita or daughters of Buddha. This is a global network of Buddhist women aimed at improving their status through conferences, dinners and discussion groups. At the turn of the 20th century, the attitude towards the role of women in Christianity was much like that in Buddhism as observed by European Asian settlers. However, women in Christianity during this period were associated with education.

Human Resource Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example With the advances in knowledge and technology in the past few decades, more companies are resorting to digitalization of their systems and services. Employees who are able to understand the new systems quickly are maintained while the rest are laid off or relocated. This paper seeks to review the current trend of integrating learning and development into a wider strategy in organizations in the United States. Introduction There have been several trends that have emerged recently in the training and development of employees in various institutions and organizations in the United States. Innovative training technologies have been utilized in some major companies to educate and train their workers, while ensuring they are accountable for the required programs they are supposed to undertake. In human resources, departments which are tasked with recruitment, hiring, and catering for career developments of employees (Bones, 2006), require training programs to address issues among their emp loyees such as performance, behavior or conduct issues. Human resources training and development enhances communication in the workplace and it improves the performance and overall morale of workers. This gives the company a great and continuous advantage to their competitors. A training program thus entails assessing the need that an organization has, designing the necessary material to address the need, developing relevant training exercises and presentations and implementing the program with an evaluation of the results for success. Literature Review The emergence of change and advancement of technology and expectation have led to many challenges to organizations around the globe and major trends in the organizations in the United States have been adopted such as the hiring and employment trend (Bones, 2006). Due to small company budgets, managers are resorting to cheap labor by opting to employ non graduates over graduates. They are reducing the amount of human labor in their co mpanies and implementing digital systems to offer services to their clients more efficiently. Several factors determine the decision by managers to resort to these trends in an organization such as the cost implications of a training program, the ineffectiveness of initial training programs and lack of commitment of employees among others. The role of line managers in coaching and development In many organizations, the training and development activities are increasingly declining due to the high cost of training programs. This decrease could be reflected due to small training budgets or no faith in the value that training employees bring to the organization. If the management of an organization invests in a training program and the results of the program have little or no success on the intended business benefits then they would be hesitant to implement the program a second time. Organizations that are small and have a small number of employees are more likely to lag behind on trai ning the workers probably due to budget constraints. Managements in these organizations opt to minimize on human labor or they employ people with minimal skills to save on salary costs. They pay more attention on equipping the managers who the business depend on to lead it more effectively and focus less on coaching the other employees. Organizations with a high number of employees, more than ten thousand, and charitable organizations are also more likely to lag

Structure of the federal government Essay Example for Free

Structure of the federal government Essay Determine where each agency lies in the administrative structure of the federal government. Identify it as an executive department or an independent agency. The purpose of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. According to EPA website, Born in the wake of elevated concern about environmental pollution, EPA was established on December 2, 1970 to consolidate in one agency a variety of federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection. This agency, US Environment Protection Agency is run by its Administrator. The current Administrator is Lisa P. Jackson. The President appoints an administrator for U.S. Environment Protection Agency and Congress can approve or decline the person. The US Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency. The agency has approximately 17,000 full-time employees and engages many more people on a contractual basis. The purpose of U.S. Army of Corps of Engineer is to provide vital public engineering services in peace and war to strengthen the nations security, energize the economy, and reduce risks from disasters. According to US Army of Corp Engineers website, the history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to June 16, 1775, when the Continental Congress organized an army with a chief engineer and two assistants. Colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer; however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. Army engineers, including several French officers, were instrumental in some of the hard-fought battles of the Revolutionary War including Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and the final victory at Yorktown. The US Army Corps of Engineer is a U.S. federal agency that is under the Department of Defense. It organization is made of Army command that is made up of 38,000 civilian and military personnel. It’s the world’s largest public engineering, design and construction management agency. It specializes in dams, canals and flood protection in the US. The purpose of the U.S. Coast Guard is to maritime homeland security, maritime law enforcement (MLE), search and rescue (SAR), marine environmental protection (MEP) and the maintenance of river, intra-coastal, and offshore navigation. According to http://www.uscg.mil/history/, the Coast Guards official history began on 4 August 1790 when President George Washington signed the Tariff Act that authorized the construction of ten vessels, referred to as cutters, to enforce federal tariff and trade laws and to prevent smuggling. Known variously through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the revenue cutters, the system of cutters, and finally the Revenue Cutter Service, it expanded in size and responsibilities as the nation grew. It operates under the Department of Homeland Security during peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy by the President at any time or by Congress during time of war. As of August 2009 the Coast Guard had approximately 42,000 men and women on active duty, 7,500 reservists, 30,000 auxiliaries and 7,700 full-time civilian employees. The purpose of U.S Fish and Wildlife Services is for management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. In 1871, the U.S. Commission on Fish and Fisheries is created by Congress and charged with studying and recommending solutions to the decline in food fishes and to promote fish culture. Spencer Fullerton Baird is appointed as the first Commissioner. A year later, the Commissions Baird Station in northern California is used to collect, fertilize and ship salmon eggs by rail to the East Coast. According to http://www.fws.gov/director/dan-ashe/dan.cfm?reint=1, Daniel M. Ashe was confirmed on June 30, 2011 as the 16th Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the nations principal Federal agency dedicated to the conservation of fish and wildlife and their habitats. His appointment by President Obama is the culmination of a lifetime spent within the Fish and Wildlife Service family. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is a federal government agency that is under US Department of the Interior. Today, the Service consists of a central administrative office with eight regional offices and nearly 700 field offices distributed throughout the United States. Determine which of the appropriation subcommittees has jurisdiction over agency’s budget request. According to http://www.opencongress.org/wiki/Committees_and_their_jurisdiction, subcommittee of Interior, Environment and Related Agencies has jurisdiction over US Environmental Protection Agency budget request. The subcommittee on Energy and Water has jurisdiction over US Army Corps of Engineers budget request. The subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation has jurisdiction over the US Coast Guard and Interior subcommittee has jurisdiction over US Fish and Wildlife Service. Determine where each agency’s operations fall in the functional classification of the federal budget. This portion was time consuming and was research this information for a long time. I look over and over on some many website until I got confuse. But after my break and according to http://budget.house.gov/budgetprocess/budgetfunctions.htm#function300, that U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service with function 300: Natural Resources and Environment includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement; recreation and wildlife areas; and the development and management of the nations land, water, and mineral resources. It includes programs within the following federal departments and agencies: Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, Transportation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The U.S. Coast Guard operation’s fall in function 400: Transportation that’s consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation, including programs for highways, mass transit, aviation, and maritime activities. This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security: the Coast Guard and the Transportation Security Administration. In addition, this function includes several small transportation-related agencies and the research program for civilian aviation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Pick one (1) agency from the list and, for a recent budget year, determine: The budget authority and outlays proposed for the agency, and the actual outlays and budget authority for the agency in that year. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will be the agency from the list to determine the budget authority and outlays. Budget authority provided through appropriation, borrowing authority, or contract authority allows agencies to enter into commitment that will results in immediate or future spending (Mikesell, 2010). I choose Protect Our Nation’s Water Supply to compare EPA budget authority versus outlay. According to EPA website, the EPA’s FY 2010 Budget requests 10.5 billion in discretionary budget authority and 17,384.3 Full Time Equivalents (FTE) to accomplish EPA’s efforts to build a greener economy, move into a clean energy future, and protect human health and the environment in communities across the nation. The FY 2010 Budget provides a substantial increase from FY2009, reflecting an enhanced focus in addressing public health and environment challenges. Increased funding will be targeted at vital areas including investing in water infrastructure, prote cting our freshwater resources, creating a foundation to address climate change and identifying research gaps as well as chemical management. The FY 2010 Budget provides 24 million to fully fund five Water Security Initiative (WSI) pilot cooperative agreements and the Water Alliance for Threat Reduction Activities. The WSI was launched in 2006 to demonstrate, test, and evaluate contamination warning system at drinking water utilities. Adoption of effective water security guidance on contamination systems will be issued upon completion of these projects. According to EPA website, EPA uses 18.6 million out of the 24 million that they requested. This projection was set up for 3 phases. Phases 1 consist of Conceptual Design, Phase 2 consists of pilots at drinking water utilities, and the final phase is Guidance and Outreach. The 2011 Water Security Imitative Pilot program budget was reducing from 24 million to 11.6 million. The budget outlays plans 24 million and most of the outlays are based on the proposal in the budget. References Mikesell, J,L (2010). Budgeting, Budget Structures, and Budget Reform, Fiscal Administration. Custon Edition, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH 45040 Ryan, P. (n.d). Committee on the Budget. House of Representatives. Retrieve on July 21, 2012, from http://budget.house.gov/budgetprocess/budgetfunctions.htm#function300 (n.d). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: A brief History. US Army Corps of Engineers Retrieve on July 21, 2012, from http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/BriefHistoryoftheCorps/Beginnings.aspx (2009). Committee and their Jurisdiction. Open Congress for 112th United States Congress. Retrieve on July 21, 2012, from http://www.opencongress.org/wiki/Committees_and_their_jurisdiction 2012). Conserving the Nature of America. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service. Retrieve on July 21, 2012, from http://www.fws.gov/ (2012). EPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieve on July 21, 2012, from http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ (2012). United States Coast Guard. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieve on July 21, 2012, from http://www.uscg.mil/history/

Significance of Evidence Based Practice in Nursing

Significance of Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Nursing is a profession accountable to society for providing high quality cost-effective care for patients and their families (Burns Grove, 2007). This assignment will define evidence based practice and its significance in the nursing process. In addition, it will critically analyse the research article Community Psychiatric Nurses experience of working with people who engage in deliberate self harm carried out by Thompson et al (2008). Furthermore it will define Hierarchy of Evidence and its importance in research studies. A clinical question has been formulated using Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome (PICO) and the key words in the article to search for another article which support or contradicts the main review article. Brown defines evidence based practices as the use of the best quality research to deliver an effective quality of care in the best interest of the patient as well as promoting cost effectiveness within the healthcare system (Brown, 1999). In order for health care professionals to deliver the best quality of care, they need to use the combination of evidence based clinical treatments and practices (Lindsay, 2007). Evidence based knowledge is important as it guides and maintains the clinical competencies of health care practitioners and provides a research based explanations to assist patients in the process of clinical decision making (Burns and Grove, 2007). According to Ciliska et al (2005), the skills necessary to provide evidence based solution to a clinical dilemma includes defining the problem, conducting the effective research to locate the best evidence, critically appraising the evidence and considering that evidence and its implications in the context of patients circumstances and values. Research into the experience of community psychiatric nurses working with people who engage in deliberate self-harm was carried out using the qualitative research design, as it is primarily concerned with understanding human beings experiences in a humanistic, interpretive approach (Ronald et al, 2007). The purpose of the research was to understand CPNs experience while they are working with people who deliberately self-harm. In this research it was found suitable as it relies less on non numerical data. A study by Playle (2000) suggest that readers need to read, critically study and evaluate a research article to demonstrate their understanding of research and to identify implications for practice. In this study, Tarling and Crofts (2002)s framework and The Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP) accessed on http://www.phru.nhs.uk/Pages/PHD/CASP.htm has been used to review the strength, credibility, validity and weakness of the above study. The title Community Psychiatric nurses experience of working with people who deliberately self-harm is clear, concise and informative as it reflects the contents of the whole study. Informative titles are important in research process as it allows the reader to identify the research approach (Roe and Webb, 1999), however the title does not reveal the approach which may be seen as a weakness (Dempsey and Dempsey, 2000). The authors of this article are qualified professional with clinical and psychological expertise as well as experience of working with people with mental health problems as Dempsey and Dempsey (2000) suggests that authors should be qualified to carry out a research study and their qualifications should be verified if need be. This may be seen as powerful, hence reliability and credibility of this article is not questionable as they will be perceived as professionals with clinical credibility to eliminate bias (Hoskins et al, 2005). However it can be argued that the community psychiatric nurses had not undertaken psychotherapy training although they had a minimum of eighteen years of experience (Thompson et al, 2008). The abstract is short, brief and concise. According to Parahoo (2006) a research report should begin with an abstract which summarises the major findings of the study as well as attracting the readers attention to read the whole research article thus adding credibility and validity to the report. Lack of clear summary may be seen as a weakness as readers may lose interest in reading the whole article as it may fail to express the important information about the study (Morrison, 1992). According to Newell Burnard (2006), an introduction should clearly define the key words and stating the purpose of the research. This study clearly explains in detail what is meant by deliberate self-harm and yet there is little research into the actual experience of working with people who deliberate self-harm (Thompson et al, 2008). The research used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), which allowed an in-depth exploration of individual personal experience, underpinning the theory of interpretation and interaction which focuses on individuals experiences to the central concern and can only be accessed through IPA (Smith, 1995). According to Streubert and Carpenter (1995), Interpretative is the understanding of life experiences and events and Phenomenology is the appearance of things as lived experiences. This may be seen as strength as it is fundamentally important, as without knowing exactly how the study was carried out, it is difficult for the reader to judge its strengths and weaknesses (Gillis, 2002). In this study, the researchers and the participants were all from the North of England thereby eliminating the theory of ethnography which requires the investigator to learn about a culture and be part of it (Burns and Grove, 2007). The participants were made up of four male and four females from t he community mental health teams who had an average age of forty years and eighteen years of experience of working with people who engage in deliberate self -harm. The researcher did not explain why different age groups did not participate or other ethnic minority groups which limited their findings. For the purpose of this study, a purposive (participants with a specific characteristics (Lindsay, 2007) sample was recruited. According to Parahoo (2006), sampling is important in qualitative research as it seeks to collect valid and reliable data from a small division of the population that would be representative of the whole population. This showed to be suitable to the study which may be seen as reliable and valid although, it can be argued that sampling method may produce biased results. It may be seen as a selective method to fulfil the aims of the study (Streubert-Speziale Carpenter, 2007). Data was collected through semi-structured interview and open-ended questionnaires according to IPA (Smith, 1995). The interviews lasted for forty five minutes to an hour which was guided but did not dictate the exact course of the interview. This was chosen in order to allow the interviewees to talk freely to explain their thoughts and experiences. The method accessed the participants natural attitudes and understanding of deliberate self harm. This enabled certain responses to be questioned in greater depth, while collecting similar data from all the informants as well as creating a relaxed comfortable environment for the interviewees, (Holloway and Wheeler, 2002). However it can be argued that it is a time-consuming method, not just the collecting of the data, but the transcribing and analysis of the data. There are risks of interviewer bias as face to face interviews often require training, (Parahoo, 2006). All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. According to Holloway and Wheeler (2002), researchers must preserve participants words as accurately as possible before analysing the data. The researchers had a chance to replay the tapes several times to improve the quality of the transcripts. The transcripts were then analysed using IPA principals (Smith and Osborn, 2003). The researcher read the transcripts to familiarise with the data, noting down the key words and phrases said by the participants, thus summarising the sample (Rowntree, 1991). The notes were classified in more general term to form initial themes to try and capture the essence of the participants accounts which were then copied to a computer program which assisted in managing connections between the emerging themes but no direct analysis was made. According to Morse and Field (2007), transcripts from different informants should be compared categorised and coded into substantive themes and sub-themes to produce a high degree of interpretation and integration. A master list of themes and subthemes was then produced for transcript which contained a degree of interpretation and integration. The process was repeated on every interview to maintain consistence of data analysis as suggested by Burns and Grove (2007). The themes were highly developed and compared to original text as Speziale Streubert and Carpenter (2007) suggests that researchers needs to move forward and backward between levels until saturation is achieved to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the phenomena. A table was produced for each theme indicating the sub themes and identifying where each transcript could be evidenced. Different methods were employed to ensure trustworthiness and the master themes audited by the three authors including an independent researcher to ensure that themes were warrantable and grounded in the data. Although the researchers have carefully considered how to ensure validity of the study, it is noted that the findings were subject to limitations as all the nurses were experienced white British, limiting the applicability of nurses from other ethnic origins or trained in other countries. In addition, it is a small study based in a small geographical area which limits reliability as well as the generalizability of the results (Meadows, 2004). There is also evidence that there may be differences in assessment practices between different professional groups and different levels of experience, (Weston, 2003). Furthermore, the findings are based on reflective accounts of the experience of working with patients, who self-harm and may therefore be subject to memory bias, (Thompson et al, 2008). The authors recommends further studies to explore the extent of experiences and evaluate further interventions to improve professional awareness of deliberate self-harm as well as training for nurses to provide high standards of care as suggested by NMC (2008). The researcher sought approval from the NHS (National Health Service) ethical and research government as suggested by Parahoo (2006) thus adding credibility. However the research does not specify if consent, was sort from the participants which may appear as a weakness as it important to respect for autonomy and beneficence (Polit and Beck, 2006). Ensuring of confidentiality NHS (2008) of information discussed, was not addressed to the participants before the research was carried out which may have led to withholding of important information which would affect the validity of the report (Clifford, 1997). This can be seen as a weakness in the research. Hierarchy of evidence is the ranking of research methods according to their effectiveness, strength and weaknesses (Ciliska et al, 2005). In the healthcare system, depending on its source, some research methods are considered to be stronger and produce better quality evidence than others hence credibility, reliability and validity differs (Lindsay, 2007). According to Polit Beck (2008), qualitative research falls on level V because of its systematic descriptive of psychological studies Craig and Smyth (2002) suggests the use of PICO (systematic way to identify important ideas in a research article), in formulating a clinical question in health care. P is Population which was Deliberate Self harm I is Intervention which was Not Applicable C is Comparison which was Not Applicable O is Outcome which was CPN experience. To search for the second article clinical question has been formulated using PICO. The following link was used to access the article. Student Portal Log In my studies summon type in key words Go Button. The search was carried out using the key words, CPNs experience in deliberate self harm in all fields and 310 articles were retrieved. The search was limited to product content journals only which retrieved 306 journals. The search was further limited with the number of years from 2009 to 2010 which yielded 35 journals articles. Among the articles, Analysis of Accident and Emergency Doctors Response To Treating People Who Self-Harm was retrieved and read through which supported the reviewed article adding to its strength, validity and credibility. A study by Craig Smythe (2002) suggests the search of electronic database as a method of finding research studies as all journals have indexes that have been converted to electronic databases. The University subscribe to Summon which can be accessed freely by all students which makes it easier to search articles for educational purposes. In conclusion, evidence based knowledge is important in implementation of cost effective nursing intervention and therefore it is the responsibility of health care professionals to critically analyse any piece of evidence for credibility, validity, reliability and its source, in clinical decision making (Brown ,1999). They also have a legal and professional responsibility under the Human Rights Act 1998, Health and Safety 1974, The Consumer Protection 1987 as well as The Duty of Care (NMC 2008).

Perceptions Of Rape And Sexual Assault Sociology Essay

Perceptions Of Rape And Sexual Assault Sociology Essay Through the course of this essay Irina Anderson ¿Ã‚ ½s research into rape perception will be critically analysed. This essay will firstly summarise the research and then go through each hypothesis, the methodology employed and the ideas put forward within the discussion will be assessed due to their respective strengths and weaknesses. In addition to this there will be a section commenting on the place of this research within rape research at large. Some of the problems associated with results of this research and the conclusions drawn from it will be looked at also. Finally suggestions on ways to overcome these problems will also be investigated. As this analysis takes place within the context of Social Psychology Andersons research will thus be viewed through the lens of theories relating to attitudes. This was first put forward by Allport who defined attitudes as  ¿Ã‚ ½A mental and neural state of readiness, organised through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influen ce upon the individual ¿Ã‚ ½s response to all objects and situations with which it is related ¿Ã‚ ½ (Allport,1935 p.810). due to the gendered nature of rape perception this research is much needed in building a frame work for how rape is seen by the public. The abstract is very clear and to the point and succinctly condenses the research. The three hypothesises under investigation are what is the current perception of female rape, whether this perception is applicable to male rape or are there elements of cultural lag in male rape. Despite previous research it was found that these hypothesises were proved wrong during the study During the introduction these foundation of the hypothesises under investigation are laid. It was found that past research had shown that female rape was most commonly seen  ¿Ã‚ ½stranger rape ¿Ã‚ ½. The Stranger rape stereotype (SRS) is a script which constructs rape as occurring between two people who do not know each other, the act usually happens at night with the  ¿Ã‚ ½struggling victim subdued ¿Ã‚ ½, etc. However studies have shown that contrary to this scenario the vast majority of female rapes 78-84% (Gavey 2005, Koss 1988) are committed by males known to the victim this disparity between official statistics and public perceptions is part of the basis of this study. It is argues that changes in rape perception, brought on by demystifying of rape myths by the media , the breakdown of gender roles and reports which suggest that a broader definition of rape is being used have combined to contribute to the complete rejection of the traditional SRS paradigm into that of ac quaintance rape. Though Gavey p 17-49 has examined the move away from traditional stranger rape paradigm, especially from the 1970 ¿Ã‚ ½s onward, a complete reversal of public thinking does not seem to be completely supported. However as participants within this study were asked to  ¿Ã‚ ½generate their own lists of information ¿Ã‚ ½ it was expected that an answer to this question would be found through the course of Andersons research. One of the most important points that can be drawn from the introduction is what seem to be a lack of research following on from Kahn ¿Ã‚ ½s work regarding a concrete separation of and definition of public attitudes to the differences between acquaintance rape and seduction (Kahn 2004). The overlap between these terms as outlined by Kahn may lead to general confusion and it may be argued that without a clear differentiation between these terms present research into the conceptualisation of female rape may be hampered. In order to address these questions, this current research is vital is analysing what a female rape will be conceptualised as. The results pertaining to the first hypothesis are analysed within the discussion section, which is the well structured and logical it begins by addressing the first findings regarding the first hypothesis was directly contradicted by the results of the experiment. It is well argued that a possible reason for this opposition was due in part to the problems  ¿Ã‚ ½blame attribution ¿Ã‚ ½ where by participants described scenarios in which the victim would be less likely to  ¿Ã‚ ½invite societal blame ¿Ã‚ ½. From this analysis the issue of societal blame appears to be highly salient in rape perception. Moreover in descriptions of a typical rape Anderson asserts that respondents appear to convey scenarios in which no level of blame may be attached to the victim and suggests that further research should concentrate on whether participants are describing what they see as the reality of typical rapes or if other factors, namely blame attribution play a part in the results. Research c learing up this ambiguity would do much to further the study of public rape perception. The second intention of Anderson ¿Ã‚ ½s research is to ascertain whether or not male rape is seen along the same parameters as date/acquaintance rape in females. It is stated that due to a lack of data concerning male rape cause by low report rates and the propagation of rape myths and misconceptions that the research into the public perception of male rape has in not been given the attention which it deserves . From the information gathered in previous in previous studies (Donnelly and Kenyon 1996) it has been hypothesised that if the current opinion of female rape is characterised within the parameters of acquaintance/date rape and that male rape is more commonly seen within the older SRS model. The second part of the discussion directly deals with the results relating to this hypothesis. From the analysis undertaken female rape may still be generally seen along the lines of a  ¿Ã‚ ½stranger- acquaintance rape continuum ¿Ã‚ ½. However the results show that male rape is viewed along completely dissimilar lines to female rape. From these findings Anderson argues that  ¿Ã‚ ½male rape perception may be characterised by (a) erroneous and mythical perception ¿Ã‚ ½. These other factors include descriptions of the act of rape, the relative strength of the perpetrator and victim, sexual orientation and the motivation of the rape being sexual urges [rather than power related]. The fact that some of the factors attributed to male rape include homosexuality and that homophobic belief The hypothesis of the  ¿Ã‚ ½cultural lag ¿Ã‚ ½ of male rape was however not supported during the course of the research. Finding show that male rape does not lag behind female rape, rather  ¿Ã‚ ½other ¿Ã‚ ½ factors not found the SRS/AR models were drawn upon when conceptualising male rape. These  ¿Ã‚ ½other ¿Ã‚ ½ factors make up a fourth hypothesis in the method section were not previously mentioned within the introduction or hypothesis summary. The failure to include this fourth hypothesis previously, which directly addresses the  ¿Ã‚ ½other ¿Ã‚ ½ factors associated with male rape appears to be an oversight. However though it is very useful in helping to make sense of the data as a whole, the late formulation, or at least labelling of this as a hypothesis, subverts the initial aims of the experiment and calls into question the validity of the data coded within this section. The inclusion of this section also further widens the scope of this limited study. Considering the limited data which may be collected from such a small (119 people) and highly privileged sample of the population. In light of the three main interconnected hypothesises the extension to a fourth hypothesis principally concerned with factors initially outside the experiments design leads to a true weakening of this study. Though this data is well coded and analysed, there can be no doubt that this section places strain upon the method section of this study as a whole. The third intention of this current research is to analyse the differences of response between male and female respondents. All previous studies which consider male and female attitudes to rape have shown a strong divergence between attitudes along the gender divide. This it is argued is unsurprising due firstly the fact that men generally have less knowledge about or contact with rape, and secondly due to the fact that  ¿Ã‚ ½historically been the victims of violence while men have been the perpetrators ¿Ã‚ ½. In agreement with this it is demonstrated that men more often agree than disagree with rape myths, empathise less and  ¿Ã‚ ½hold less tolerant attitudes towards victims (Jiminez Abreu,2003) In addition to this Andersons previous research has found that men possess more homophobic attitudes that women in regards to male rape. This is backed up solidly by previous research, which in summery states that as men experience rape less and that as the issue of rape is less promi nent within the male consciousness. Men will extrapolate their knowledge of female rape, to a male scenario along the SRS paradigm. In drawing out the reasons for the predominance of factors such as homosexuality and homophobia associated with male but not female rape Anderson puts forward several reasons as to why this may be the case, the first is that participants may simply be  ¿Ã‚ ½expressing their disgust at this act ¿Ã‚ ½ (Davies, 2002). Secondly use homophobic language as a means of distancing the participants from the victim so at to keep their  ¿Ã‚ ½masculinity intact ¿Ã‚ ½ and to also remove the possibility that they (the male participants ) could themselves be raped. This is a very interesting point which is well argued and is a convincing analysis of the data presented. The recommendation given for further research investigating the connection between sexuality and homophobia in relation to conceptualizations of male rape and the blame attributed to victims is well founded and may go some way in explaining why these factors have gained such prominence in this research. Through course of critically analysing the current research many issues of importance have become apparent. Firstly any research which furthers the field of rape perception is of huge importance. It is also of paramount importance to educating the public at large about the predominant trends of rape within society. With regard the article under review some very important questions have been raised by this study. The fact that all but one of hypothesis has been proved false may be seen in part as a cause for alarm. This is particularly evident in the case that female rape perception has seemed to have lost its cultural lead over supposed paradigms of male rape. This calls for a reassessment of assumptions that female rape is typically seen within the AR framework. Secondly the fact that male rape is not seen either as SRS or AR and is viewed in often homophobic terms may be interpreted differently than to Andersons theory that homophobia is a form of distancing on the part of male par ticipants, it may be interpreted as evidence that homophobia is much more prominent in society than previously assumed. The difference between male and female respondents has not been clearly addressed either, it seems from previous research that more than ever there is now a pressing need to educate males within society about the various aspects of rape. From analysing this research it seems that very little was confirmed or disproved about rape attitudes and perceptions, this research has in turn raised more questions than it answers. In conducting future research it would be advisable to approach one hypothesis at a time, using a much larger sample of the population. In addition to this a more careful use of wording of research questions may also benefit future studies, for example the question what are the predominant circumstances of a male/female rape may address the hypothesis more clearly than the use of the phrase  ¿Ã‚ ½typical ¿Ã‚ ½. This leads us to ask further questi ons about the problematic nature of this type of research. Anderson ¿Ã‚ ½s current research acknowledges some of the shortcomings of the present study including the fact that the research participants used for the study were from a student population, despite this acknowledgement it would be naive to generalise these findings due to the particularities associated with a student sample to the population at large. Some of the main problems associated with using a student population for this type of are that as supported by the research that rape may be an issue generally held in the student consciousness. Secondly the predominantly young age participants, mean age 21.2, could perhaps play a large part in how rape is conceptualised. This is especially important considering that the age group of these students suggest that they have been brought up within the AR framework. A larger study would show how the population at large conceptualise rape. It can be argued that perhaps even previously un-theorised concepts of rape may be found as a resul t of such a study. It would also be of great interest to investigate what the current perceptions of marital/partner rape is. Another important factor which  ¿Ã‚ ½may have affected findings ¿Ã‚ ½ is that up to 34% of the participant were from ethnic minorities. Anderson argues that this factor may have altered the outcome of the study. It may however be argued that the inclusion of ethnic minorities may in fact give the present study a higher degree of validity and allow this research to be generalised. Regardless of the supposed  ¿Ã‚ ½less tolerant perceptions of rape ¿Ã‚ ½ within minority communities (Nagel, 2005), the hypothesised informed attitudes of the student population appear to be unfounded. This finding adds to the overall confusion of the results presented. At present it is impossible to say whether the inclusion of these minorities have lead to a substantial change in the findings of the survey. Further studies along the lines of Nagel ¿Ã‚ ½s research are to be suggested. This work should concentrate on the questions of race, ethnicity and class should be dealt with as a means of aidi ng the understanding of rape perceptions in the public at large. In conclusion the current body of research into rape perception is clearly lacking. The findings of some previous research which are not supported by this study are a serious problem which must in due course be addressed. Furthermore Andersons unsupported hypothesises clearly show the need for further and more directed research into the area of public rape perceptions. Some interesting points were brought up which also require further research, most importantly the fact that female rape perception is still categorised along the lines of SRS rather than AR. In addition to this the evidence produced regarding the  ¿Ã‚ ½other ¿Ã‚ ½ factors associated with male rape also warrant investigation. Anderson ¿Ã‚ ½s suggestion that further studies concentrating on blame attribution is a logical and well reasoned course of action and is highly advisable. In summery past and present research has shown gaps in the understanding of how the public view rape scripts. This research has done much to highlight this problem. It can only be hoped that further research and public education can lead to an increased awareness and understanding on the topic of rape.

Adolescent Peer Pressure :: Peer Pressure Essays

Between the ages of twelve and nineteen is a period in a teenager's life that determines what kind of adult he or she will become. This period of adolescence, also known as the "formative years", is the subject of much study and research to determine why adolescents are vulnerable to the phenomenon called peer pressure. The disturbing number of incidents of teenage drug use, teenage pregnancy and teenage suicide is most assuredly the reason that fuels the need for such research. Perhaps it is because as children they are taught the importance of having and maintaining friends. Or perhaps they don't feel that they can talk to their parents or teachers when problems arise. Or maybe they simply want to rebel against the pressures placed on them as youths. Because adolescents spend their time either at home or in school, it is within these confines that the answers to adolescents' behavior lay. In other words, family and school can sometimes cause adolescents to give in to peer pressure because of an overemphasis on the importance of social adjustment, a lack of interest or communication on the part of the parents and teachers, and the unrealistic expectations that these entities create. Although the purpose of attending school is to receive an education, it also provides children with a medium through which they can develop relationships with other children that eventually turn into friendships. The ability to form friendships can be traced back to even the pre-school years and its importance henceforth emphasized by eager parents who want their children to fit in at school. "Interactions with friends or other peers are crucial for the development of a mature morality." (Juvonen, p.11) Most would agree that social interaction is important but sometimes parents are guilty of over-emphasizing this importance. Let's recall the numerous birthday parties where every child in the neighborhood was invited to come regardless of whether or not they were actual friends. This desire to socialize children also occurs in the classroom at school. "The classroom setting represents not only an educational arena but a powerful social context in which the psychological adjustment of children and adolescents can be affected."(Juvonen, p.248) Teachers tend to promote social interaction by assigning exercises that require working in pairs or groups. Furthermore, when a teacher spots a child playing alone, they will encourage him or her to join the other children while overlooking the possibility that the child might have preferred to be alone.

AA Meeting :: essays research papers

Open AA meeting Since this was my second AA meeting, I was still open but didn’t know what to expect. The last meeting was at a church is an African American neighborhood. To get a different experience I wanted to change the nationality. So even though I was a little nervous I decided to attend a meeting in Ridgewood, Queens. It was still at a church however the population consisted of Caucasian. When I came into the room, everyone looked at me, however this was expected because I was the only African American in the room. The meeting started with a prayer and then everyone introduced themselves to each other. The issue that most concerned me was that half of the people in the room was younger than 25 years of age. That let me know right there that this was a global issue and not a issue concerning one race. As one of the young men began to share his story, I almost began to cry. He grew up in a household in which his father was an alcoholic and also was very abusive towards his mother. He sh ared with us that after his father used to beat his mother, he and his dad use to drink together. Therefore he drank with his father 3 times out of a week. As sad as it may sound he looked forward to his father beating his mother because he liked to drink. So that is how he began with his father and that was at the age of 12. He was now 24 and a alcoholic and he began to see the traits of his father in him. Therefore he needed to get help and that was the reason why he came to AA. Another person that touched me was a young girl who was 18 who wanted to be in the crowd. She began to drink because all of her friends drank however she was not able to control her and her drinking. She stated to us that on numerous occasions from being drunk that she was raped. It was sad because a lot of people want to be in the crowd and that is how they get hooked.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-five

WE COULD ALREADY HEAR footsteps thundering through the house and knew we were seconds from the army downstairs heading up to the second floor. The three of us backed away, and to my surprise, it was Sydney who reacted first. â€Å"Get out. I'll distract them.' Her distracting them would probably just mean momentarily blocking their way until they pushed her aside, but those extra seconds could make a huge difference. Still, I couldn't stand the thought of abandoning her. Dimitri had no such reservations, particularly when we heard feet on the stairs. â€Å"Come on!' he shouted, grabbing hold of my arm. We raced down the hall to the farthest bedroom, Victor and Robert's. Just before we entered, I yelled back to Sydney, â€Å"Get Jill to Court!' I don't know if she heard because by the sounds of it, the guardians had reached her. Dimitri immediately opened the room's one large window and looked at me knowingly. As always, we needed no vocal communication. He jumped out first, no doubt wanting to take the full brunt of whatever danger waited below. I immediately followed. I dropped onto the first floor's roof, slid down it, and then made the longer drop to the ground. Dimitri caught my arm, steadying my landing–but not before one of my ankles twisted slightly in on itself. It was the same one that had taken the brunt of the fall outside Donovan's, and I winced as pain shot through me, pain I then promptly ignored. Dark figures moved toward us, emerging from evening shadows and hidden spots around the backyard. Of course. Guardians wouldn't just come busting down a door. They'd also have the place staked out. With our natural rhythm, Dimitri and I fought back-to-back against our attackers. Like usual, it was hard to incapacitate our foes without killing them. Hard, but necessary if we could manage it. I didn't want to kill my own people, people who were just doing their job to apprehend fugitives. The long dress didn't do me any favors either. My legs kept getting caught in the fabric. â€Å"The others will be out any minute,' Dimitri grunted, slamming a guardian to the ground. â€Å"We need to move–there. That gate.' I couldn't respond but followed his lead as we made our way to a door in the fence while still defending ourselves. We'd just taken out the backyard squad when more spilled from the house. We slipped through the gate, emerging onto a quiet side road flanking the Mastrano house, and ran. It soon became clear, however, that I couldn't keep up with Dimitri. My mind could ignore the pain, but my body couldn't make my injured ankle work properly. Without missing a beat, Dimitri slid his arm around me, helping me run and take the weight off the ankle. We turned off the road, cutting through yards that would make it more difficult–but not impossible–for them to track us. â€Å"We can't outrun them,' I said. â€Å"I'm slowing us down. You need to–‘ â€Å"Do not say leave you,' he interrupted. â€Å"We're doing this together.' Snick, snick. A flowerpot near us suddenly exploded into a pile of dirt and clay. â€Å"They're shooting at us,' I said incredulously. â€Å"They're actually shooting at us!' With so much hand-to-hand training, I always felt like guns were cheating. But when it came to hunting down a queen-killing murderer and her accomplice? Honor wasn't the issue. Results were. Another bullet zinged by, dangerously close. â€Å"With a silencer,' said Dimitri. â€Å"Even so, they'll be cautious. They don't want the neighborhood thinking it's under attack. We need cover. Fast.' We might've been literally dodging bullets, but my ankle wouldn't last much longer. He made another sharp turn, completely immersing us in suburban backyards. I couldn't look behind us, but I heard shouting voices that let me know we weren't free yet. â€Å"There,' said Dimitri. Ahead of us was a dark house with a large glass patio reminiscent of Sonya's. The glass door was open, though a screen blocked the way inside. Dimitri tugged on its latch. Locked. But a screen was hardly a deterrent for us. Poor, trusting family. He took out his stake and slashed a long, vertical line that we hastily slipped through. Immediately, he jerked me to the side, out of view. He put a finger to his lips, holding me close to his body, shattering me in his warmth. Seconds later, we saw guardians coming through and searching the yards. Some kept moving on in case we'd run farther. Others lingered, investigating places that made good hiding spots as the evening grew darker and darker. I glanced at the screen. The cut had been clean, not an obvious hole, but it was still something our pursuers might notice. Sensing this as well, Dimitri carefully moved off into the living room, doing his best to avoid windows and keep out of sight. We cut through to the kitchen and found a door leading to the garage. In the garage was a red Ford Mustang. â€Å"Two car family,' he murmured. â€Å"I was hoping for that.' â€Å"Or they're out for a walk and about to come home when they notice a SWAT team in their neighborhood,' I whispered. â€Å"The guardians won't let themselves be seen.' We began searching for obvious key locations. At last, I found a set hanging on the side of a cupboard and scooped them up. â€Å"Got â€Å"em,' I said. Since I had the keys, I think Dimitri actually would have let me jump into the driver's seat. Thanks to my right ankle, however, I had to toss him the keys. The universe had a sick sense of humor. â€Å"Will they spot us in this?' I asked, as Dimitri opened the garage door and backed out. â€Å"It's, uh, a bit flashier than our usual stolen car profile.' It was also awesome. Sydney, car geek that she was, would have loved it. I bit my lip, still guilty that we'd left her behind. I tried to push the thought out of my head for now. â€Å"It is,' agreed Dimitri. â€Å"But other cars will be driving down the street. Some guardians will still be searching the yards, and some will be guarding the Mastranos. They don't have infinite numbers. They can't watch everything at once, though they'll certainly try.' I held my breath anyway as we drove out of the subdivision. Twice, I thought I spotted stealthy figures by the side of the road, but Dimitri was right: they couldn't check every car in a busy suburban neighborhood. The darkness also obscured our faces. Dimitri remembered the way we'd driven in because a few turns later, we were merging onto the freeway. I knew he had no destination in mind, except foraway. With no obvious indications that we'd been followed, I shifted my body and stretched out my throbbing leg. My chest had that light, nebulous feeling you got when too much adrenaline was pumping through you. â€Å"They turned us in, didn't they?' I asked. â€Å"Victor and Robert called us in and then took off. I should have kept watch.' â€Å"I don't know,' Dimitri said. â€Å"It's possible. I saw them just before I talked to you, and everything seemed fine. They wanted to go with us to find Jill, but they knew it was only a matter of time before we turned them over to the authorities. I'm not surprised they came up with an escape plan. They could have used the feeding as a distraction to call the guardians and get rid of us.' â€Å"Crap.' I sighed and pushed my hair back, wishing I had a ponytail holder. â€Å"We should've gotten rid of them when we had the chance. What'll happen now?' Dimitri was silent for a few seconds. â€Å"The Mastranos will be questioned †¦ extensively. Well, all of them will, really. They'll lock Sonya up for investigation, like me, and Sydney will be shipped back to the Alchemists.' â€Å"And what will they do to her?' â€Å"I don't know. But I'm guessing her helping vampire fugitives won't go over well with her superiors.' â€Å"Crap,' I repeated. Everything had fallen apart. â€Å"And what are we going to do?' â€Å"Put some distance between us and those guardians. Hide somewhere. Wrap up your ankle.' I gave him a sidelong look. â€Å"Wow. You've got everything planned out.' â€Å"Not really,' he said, a small frown on his face. â€Å"That's the easy stuff. What happens after that is going to be the hard part.' My heart sank. He was right. Provided the Mastranos weren't indicted by Moroi authorities for helping criminals, Emily now had no one forcing her to acknowledge Jill's heritage. If Sydney was being hauled back to her own people–well. She couldn't help either. I was going to have to tell someone else, I realized. The next time I made contact with Adrian, I'd have to divulge the truth so that my friends could do something about Jill. We couldn't sit on this secret any longer. Dimitri took the next exit, and I tuned back into the world. â€Å"Hotel?' I asked. â€Å"Not quite,' he said. We were in a busy, commercial area, not far from Ann Arbor, I thought. One of the Detroit suburbs. Restaurants and stores lined the road, and he turned us toward a twenty-four-hour superstore that promised to carry â€Å"everything.' He parked and opened his door. â€Å"Stay here.' â€Å"But–‘ Dimitri looked meaningfully at me, and I glanced down. I'd come away from our fight more scuffed up than I realized, and the dress had torn. My ragged appearance would attract attention, as would my limping. I nodded, and he left. I spent the time turning over our problems, cursing myself for not having found a way to turn in the brothers once Robert had restored Sonya. I'd been bracing myself for betrayal in the form of some magical attack. I hadn't expected something as simple as a call to the guardians. Dimitri, ever the efficient shopper, returned soon with two large bags and something slung over his shoulder. He tossed it all in the backseat, and I peered back curiously. â€Å"What's that?' It was long and cylindrical, covered in canvas. â€Å"A tent.' â€Å"Why are we–‘ I groaned. â€Å"No hotel, huh?' â€Å"We'll be harder to find at a campground. The car will especially be harder to find. We can't get rid of it quite yet, not with your foot.' â€Å"Those poor people,' I said. â€Å"I hope their car insurance covers theft.' Back on the freeway, we soon left the urban sprawl, and it wasn't long before we saw advertisements for campgrounds and RV parks. Dimitri pulled over at a place called Peaceful Pines. He negotiated with the man working in the office and produced a number of crisp bills. That was another reason we couldn't get a hotel, I realized. Most required credit cards, and Sydney had had all those (in fake names, of course). We were living off cash now. The clerk gave us directions along a gravel road that led to a spot on the opposite end of the campground. The place was busy with vacationing families, but no one paid much attention to us. Dimitri made sure to park as close to a cluster of trees as possible, in order to obscure the car and its plates. Despite my protests, he wouldn't let me help with the tent. He claimed he could do it faster without me and that I should stay off my feet. I started to argue until he began assembling the tent. My jaw dropped a little as I watched how quickly he put it together. He didn't even need the directions. It had to be some kind of record. The tent was small and sturdy, giving us both room to sit and lie, though he had to hunch just a little when we were sitting. Once inside, I got to see the rest of his purchases. A lot of it was first aid. There was also a flashlight he propped up, a kind of makeshift lamp. â€Å"Let me see the ankle,' he ordered. I stretched out my leg, and he pushed my dress's skirt up to my knee, fingers light against my skin. I shivered as a sense of deja vu swept me. It seemed to be happening to me a lot lately. I thought back to all the times he had helped me with other injuries. We could have been right back in St. Vladimir's gym. He gently tested the ankle's mobility and did a little poking and prodding. His fingers never ceased to amaze me. They could break a man's neck, bandage a wound, and slide sensually across bare skin. â€Å"I don't think it's broken,' he said at last. He lifted his hands, and I noticed how warm I'd been while he touched me. â€Å"Just sprained.' â€Å"That kind of thing happens when you keep jumping off roofs,' I said. Jokes were my old standby to hide discomfort. â€Å"You know, we never practiced that in our training.' He smiled and took out bandaging material, wrapping the ankle until it was supported and stabilized. After that, he produced– â€Å"A bag of frozen peas?' Dimitri shrugged and rested the bag on my ankle. The coolness instantly made me feel better. â€Å"Easier than buying a full bag of ice.' â€Å"You're pretty resourceful, Belikov. What else do you have stashed away?' The rest of the bags' contents turned out to be blankets and some food. I gave him a big grin when I saw he'd gotten me sour cream potato chips and a bar of chocolate. I loved that he remembered such little details about me. My smile faded when another problem quickly popped up. â€Å"You didn't buy any clothes, did you?' â€Å"Clothes?' he asked, like it was a foreign word. I gestured to my torn dress. â€Å"I can't wear this for long. What am I going to do? Make a toga out of a blanket? You're such a guy, never thinking of this stuff.' â€Å"I was thinking of injury and survival. Fresh clothing's a luxury, not a necessity.' â€Å"Not even your duster?' I asked slyly. Dimitri froze for a moment and then swore. He'd had no need to wear his coat indoors at the Mastranos'–honestly, he didn't need to outside either–and had left it there in the ensuing fight. â€Å"Don't worry, comrade,' I teased. â€Å"Plenty more where that came from.' He spread blankets over the tent's floor and laid back on them. There was a look of woe on his face that was almost comical. Raids, bullets, criminals †¦ no problem. A missing duster? Crisis. â€Å"We'll get you another one,' I said. â€Å"You know, once we find Jill, clear my name, and save the world.' â€Å"Just those things, huh?' he asked, making both of us laugh. But when I stretched myself out beside him, both our faces sobered. â€Å"What are we going to do?' I asked. Tonight's most popular question. â€Å"Sleep,' he said, clicking off the flashlight. â€Å"Tomorrow we'll get a hold of Abe or Tasha or †¦ someone. We'll let them handle it and get Jill where she needs to be.' I was surprised how small my voice sounded when I spoke. â€Å"I feel like we failed. I was so happy back there. I thought we'd done the impossible, but it was for nothing. All this work for nothing.' â€Å"Nothing?' he asked in astonishment. â€Å"What we did †¦ this is huge. You found Lissa's sister. Another Dragomir. I don't think you still really understand the weight of that. We had almost nothing to go on, yet you pushed forward and made it happen.' â€Å"And I lost Victor Dashkov. Again.' â€Å"Well, the thing about him is that he doesn't stay hidden for long. He's one of those people who always has to be in control. He'll have to make a move eventually and when he does–we'll get him.' The smile returned to my lips, though I knew he couldn't see it. â€Å"And I thought I was the optimistic one here.' â€Å"It's contagious,' he replied. Then, to my surprise, his hand found mine in the dark. He laced our fingers together. â€Å"You did good, Roza. Very good. Now sleep.' We touched in no other way, but his hand held all the warmth in the world. This was hardly a perfect moment, like in the library, but our familiar connection and the understanding between us burned brighter than ever, and it felt good. Right. Natural. I didn't want to sleep. I just wanted to stay there and savor being with him. It wasn't cheating, I decided, thinking of Adrian. It was just enjoying this closeness. Still, sleep was essential. We worked out a schedule where each of us took shifts. He would stay awake now while I rested, and I had a feeling if I didn't sleep, he wouldn't either when the shift change came. I closed my eyes, and it wasn't my heart I had to slow down this time. It was my mind, the hamster wheel that went nowhere trying to figure out what to do next. Just get Jill to Court. Just get Jill to Court. That was all that mattered. We'd contact someone who could reach Jill. Dimitri and I would lie low, everything would soon fix itself†¦. â€Å"Thank God.' I spun around, not even realizing I'd fallen into a spirit dream. I was back in Sonya's garden with all its sunshine and color, and she sat back in a chair, looking expectant. â€Å"I was afraid you'd be up all night, watching your back,' she continued. â€Å"I would if I had my choice,' I replied, strolling over to her. She wasn't quite whom I'd expected to see in my dreams, but at least I'd made contact with the outside world. I wore the black-and-white dress here, but unlike reality, it was clean and intact. â€Å"Dimitri thinks we're in a secure location–though he's awake, of course.' â€Å"Of course.' There was a glimmer of amusement in her eyes, but it was brief. â€Å"Where are you?' I asked. â€Å"Did the guardians put you in holding?' â€Å"They didn't get me,' she said smugly. â€Å"You were their priority, and a little compulsion made sure they didn't see me. I took off †¦ I hated to leave Emily, though.' I empathized but was too excited at Sonya's escape. Good news, finally. â€Å"But you can get Jill to Court. You're free.' Sonya looked at me as those I'd just spoken French. â€Å"I can't get to Jill.' I frowned. â€Å"Is she under that much security?' â€Å"Rose,' said Sonya. â€Å"Jill isn't with the guardians at all. Victor and Robert took her.'

“Piano Lesson” Analysis Essay

A title of a shit is cautiously chosen to not only castigate interest unless also to bounce some sort of clue as to the signifi flush toiletce of the work. In the case of magisterial Wilsons The Piano Lesson, the title, though a revive on words, reveals how important the softly is to the message Wilson is trying to convey. The diffuse, as an object, moves the diagram of the take on along since the conflict is the cardinal primary(prenominal) oddballs fighting over it. On the other hand, the piano, as a symbol, represents the industry of history in an individuals lives. Its posture and symbolism work hand in hand to eliminate the lesson that family history remains with a soulfulness and its their responsibility to decide how to utilization it.Looking at the different characters and their views on the piano provides grounds of this message. The play begins with son Willie barging into the hearthstone w here(predicate) his sister, Berniece, lives with his uncle, Doak er. boy Willies purpose for universe in that respect is to make out the piano that Berniece keeps so that he heap buy the land from his congeners former slave receiveers. He knows the importance of the piano just now views it as an object and a means for achieving his own success so that he can prove that he deserves as a lot respect as the white humanity. He says, The only thing my papa had to hold back me was that pianoI aint gonna let it sit up here and rot without trying to do something with it (1.2).In his mind, keeping his familys legacy isnt with conceiveing them through the piano scarcely employ the piano as a means of making money, which to him will watch over them in the long run. He reassures his sister, Im supposed to build on what they left menow the kind of man my daddy was he would have unsounded that (1.2).He does acknowledge though that the a way of life is something to be proud of. He lectures Berniece, You ought to coiffure down on the calend ar the daylight that Papa son Charles brought that piano into the houseand every year when it come up throw a get off the groundy. Have a celebration. If you did that Maretha wouldnt have no business in life (2.5).Boy Willies sister, Berniece, takes an entirely different approach when it comes to her plectrum of how the piano is used. Berniece is a character that lives in the chivalric in an unhealthy way. The foregone has hardened her and it shows in the way she raises her child, Maretha, grave her not to go off demonstrate her color (1.1).When Doaker comments on Berniece keeping the retrospect of her deceased husband saying, she still place ontoto him (1.2) is further evidence of her clinging to the early(prenominal) but not using those memories in a productive manner. Unlike Willie, she views the piano as a symbol of her familys heritage but fears it. She scolds Boy Willie for trying to sell it when she says, You always talking about your daddy but you aint neer stop ped to look at what his fury cost your mamacold nights and an set down bedFor a piano? To return even with somebody? (1.2).She shows her resentment to the past by refusing to play the piano and refusing to tell her daughter of its history. Berniece is also mysophobic of the piano be birth of those who died because of it. Her mother died honoring it and her bring died trying to get it. She explains to her suitor, Avery, I have ont play that piano cause I dont indispensability to wake them spirits (2.2). She faces that fear when Boy Willie comes to the house bringing a touching with him however, the ghost isnt their perfectly relatives but Sutters. The presence of the ghost forces Berniece to face the past and Boy Willie to acknowledge that the past matters just as much as the future. The play concludes when Avery, who is a preacher, comes to the house to get unblock of the ghost. The ghost protests and fights with Boy Willie. It is then that Berniece plays the piano to call on the spirits of her dead relatives singing, I want you to help me (2.2). By doing this she rooks the lesson that the past isnt there to effect her but to give her strength for the future. Boy Willie also learns the lesson that the past is alive and that using it doesnt have to be materialistic. It can simply be used to remember who you are.The lesson that the two characters learn is Wilsons way of communicating to the audience how important family legacy is. The characters growth in harm of their views on the piano parade how easily one can stick out sight of what is important in terms of existence a person. Boy Willie thinks being somebody is materialistic while Berniece hides from being somebody at all. Though the main characters take a big part of the play the pianos reoccurring presence and symbolism is the central focus of the play since it is through it that the conflict comes together, through it that the characters learn their lessons, and through it that family his tory is brought to life.

Distinctive Voices Essay

Through the use of techniques, writers be evidently able to take a astray range of sourceistic vowelises and bring great deal and their experiences to life. When classifiable vocalizations are created, it helps the reader to understand and perhaps level(p) relate to the character of the text. The use of distinctive pieces ensures pot to be created and their experiences to be brought to life. The Life and Crimes of vex lilac, write by Marele solar day, is strategicall(a)y able to create distinctive interpreters and experiences by dint ofout the unfermented by incorporating a variety of characters including Claudia Valentine, a female investigator in big city Sydney, Australia, and bother lavender, the opposer of the novel and the boss of Sydneys underworld. sidereal days square and clever use of techniques, effectively create a range of significant, distinctive sections. In contrast, Weapons Training by Bruce Dawe is able to create a precise sacrosanct, distin ctive voice that brings to life the character of a strong-minded, female genitals drill sergeant-at-law, as he delivers a soliloquy to all the young new recruits. Both texts crap utilize a deliberate choice of techniques, and creative activity of the distinctive voices within the texts.Claudia Valentine is the main character of Marele Days hard boiled crime manufacturing novel The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender. Claudias character is quite significant as at that place are very few detective novels written and published that have a female cloak-and-dagger investigator as the main character. For the entirety of the novel, the room is set in first person story voice. This indicates the reader with be seeing the events through and through the characters look and hearing almost them through her distinctive voice. Through the setting of Sydney and visual images much(prenominal) as the empty bottle of whisky, ashtrays of cigarettes, the naked get bulb and the blond in the bed, Day establishes a racy, contemporary urban city scene with the pessimistic and derisive voice of the narrator to be our guide. throughout the opening scene, we are ignorant of the narrators sex and name. This is designedly do to play with the responders assumptions in response to sexuality stereotypes and to build the tough, determined and witty voice of Claudia Valentine.Claudias voice changes throughout the novel. The opening passing game establishes Claudias voice as world that of a regular(prenominal) private investigator. This is to aid to the crime fiction music genre idea. This anchors the readers perception of the character as unwaveringlyly part of the crime fiction genre. Her stair is formal when speaking in a passe-partout capacity, for example, when speaking to the Levack family Ill come straight to the signal Mrs Levack. Im investigating the death of grad Bannister , who lived over there in that flat.. This formal, straight-forward and firm voice is Clau dias public voice. However, behind the strong private investigator wall she holds up, Claudia has a very private voice which is hardly exposed to anyone notwithstanding herself. We see this change in voice when she is with Steve Angell.Her actors line changes and softens somewhat in her interactions with Steve. She comments throughout the text The b right-hand(a)est matter about the day was that Steve had dropped into it. Claudias private voice also has a hint of seductiveness when she is communicating with Steve He was stunning. As tall as me, if not taller, with eyes like the pools you find beneath waterfalls. It was all I could do to stop myself taking off all my clothes and diving in.. Claudias private voice also reveals a lot of love, worry and adhesiveness to her two children her live with her ex-husband Gary. This is revealed through a phone call Claudia makes to Gary after she fears for her childrens preventative To hear their voices, to know my flesh and blood was safe . My babies..In Days novel, another character with a distinctive voice is revealed, however this distinctive voice is much different to the voice of Claudia. Harry Lavender, the antagonist of the novel, is the boss of Sydneys crime underworld. Harrys voice is distinctive in the poetic gradation of the expression apply. The use of imagery and metonymical spoken language allows the reader to perceive Lavender as being a sophisticated and powerful character The people hold sprigs of lavender, like rosemary on Anzac day.. Harry Lavenders voice is powerful and evocative, as he describes how he entrust beremembered when he dies, and how he has higher power over jurisprudence and authority police allow me safe passage. Even though Harry is dying, his organic structure decaying, in the same way he has brought about the lesson decay of the city, his voice is still ominous and commanding.Harry is a powerful man who has built his fame on an empire of corruption. He is used to being in work and ironically, we see Lavender unable to control the most important aspect of his life, his own body. Day uses various techniques in this passage to convey the voice of the crime boss, Harry Lavender. Day uses poetic and figurative language such as It is my image that is reflected in that glass. Day also uses metaphor in It is my body crumbling, not the city. to describe the way that the cancer is overpowering and destroying Lavenders body. Consecutive, short, and simple sentences are used to construct Lavenders voice. And finally, repetition is used in the final line to reinforce Lavenders command over the city and his square up in this place They will remember me, oh yes, they will remember..In contrast, related text Weapons Training by Bruce Dawe is able to bring a drill sergeant to life as well as his other(prenominal) experience through a distinctive voice. Dawes poem opens in the middle of a sentence, in the middle of the drill sergeants monologue. This thingumabo b captures our attention and gives a sense of immediacy of being on the spot. This is effective as we are not just being told about the sergeant, we can in reality hear him. The sergeant questions the young soldiers but doesnt wait for answers. He talks so closely that recruits can hardly take in permit alone think about it. This is effective as the soldiers and the readers have to learn to react reflexively.The thinking is done for the readers/soldiers and they have to absorb what is said without thinking about it and do what they are told. The drill sergeant speaks in a fairly broad Australian idiom, using the language and clichd humour of the average Australian. roughly of the conversationalisms used, such as youve copped the bloody lot or worse luck are specifically Australian. The spectacular quality used also helps to create a distinctive voice within the poem. He is the distinctive bullying, sarcastic drill sergeant, so its wakeful for us to vividly imagine him and his voice. His language is colloquial are you a queer?, thats right grab and check/the magazine man . His language is also full of clichs includingsexual references your faithful weapon, a mob of little yellows. Dawes techniques rear a very distinctive and strong voice for the poem.Through a strong use of techniques including Australian idiom, colloquialism and tone, both Marele Day and Bruce Dawe are effectively able to bring people and their experiences to life through distinctive voice.