Chapter Iv Cost-Benefit Analysis. Major Capital Cost Items

CHAPTER IV: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Major capital cost items for a wave farm include: initial and replacement WEC devices, moorings and foundations, power conditioning equipment at the hub and submarine cables, grid connections, and environmental permits. Additional non-capital costs include annualized operations and maintenance, and personnel costs. A formal request for information (RFI) was sent to OPT. The RFI asked for WEC performance data and cost specifics. They declined to respond to the RFI completely. The wave energy industry considers almost all design information extremely proprietary and compromise competitive advantages if specifications are released. Consequently, WEC device performance specifications were limited to that of†¦show more content†¦The total installation cost is estimated between 4 and 5 million dollars (Jarocki). Maintenance costs for WECs are expected to be substantial due to the inherent challenges of operating in a marine environment. Seawater is exceptionally corrosive, and the variable loads and shock forces that WECs will be subjected to will require frequent intervention and mitigation. Offshore oil and gas operations have shown that offshore operation and maintenance (OM) costs are typically 5-10 times higher than similar onshore activities. Survivability and device failure are further issues that will drive up operational costs and demand high safety requirements and strict tolerances. Historical buoy data shows that significant wave heights of 10 to 11 m occur every few years in Delaware (Service 2005). Additionally, the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted surfaces (biofouling) poses risks to underwater construction, structural stability, and efficiency of power absorption. There is a recommended 3-month maintenance period for the OPT buoy technology (Ocean Power Technologies 2016). Although there is minimal industry experience in actual OM costs, rough comparisons may be made from analogous industries, such as offshore oil and gas or offshore wind energy. All cost estimates to date are based onShow MoreRelatedBiness Plan5741 Words   |  23 PagesProducts and Services 7 2.1 Product Description 7 2.2 Competitive Comparison 7 2.3 Sales Literature / Publications 8 2.4 Sourcing 8 2.5 Future Products 8 3. Marketing plan/Market Analysis Summary 9 3.1 Market Segmentation 9 3.2 Target market segment strategy 9 3.3 Industry Analysis 9 3.3.1 Competition and Buying Pattern 10 3.3.2 Main Competitors 10 4. 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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease...

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to absolute (Type 1 diabetes) or relative (Type 2 diabetes) deficiency of insulin hormone (World Health Organization, 1999). Diabetes affects almost every organ system in the body due to metabolic problems caused by hyperglycemia, especially in undiagnosed or uncontrolled individuals (World Health Organization, 1999). Until recently it was believed that diabetes affected mainly developed countries, but recent research reveals an increase in the number of type 2 diabetes cases in developing countries (Chuang, 2002; Kinra, 2010; Narayanappa, 2011). Diabetes is associated with complications such as cardiovascular diseases, renal†¦show more content†¦At first, the pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for the insulin resistance, but after a while there is a steady decline in pancreatic cells and the organ is not able to make enough insulin to maintain blood glucose within normal levels. In type 1 diabetes, however, there is an absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells (Alemzadeh and Ali, 2011). Glucose is a simple sugar found in food that provides energy to the cells in the body. More complex sugars are broken down in the small intestine and the glucose released is then absorbed into the bloodstream, whereby is it distributed throughout the body. However, glucose needs insulin to enter the cells. Without insulin, the cells become deprived of energy despite the presence of abundant glucose in the blood, and some of the abundant, unused glucose is wasted in the urine. These sustained high blood glucose levels disrupt homeostasis in the body and produce a series of metabolic problems that affect multiple organ systems (Alemzadeh and Ali, 2011). In the following sections I will discuss in detail the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and the ways to diagnose, treat and manage this pervasive disease. Pathophysiological Mechanism Type 1 Diabetes The underlying fault in type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. 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So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% menRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Major Public Health Problem Worldwide Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes Mellitus has increased in recent years due to bad eating habits and inactivity. Diabetes Mellitus is a major public health problem worldwide. Improved testing accuracy has improved which has confirmed more cases. There are two types of diabetes. In this paper I will explain the differences in both types of Diabetes and complications that are commonly associated with this disease, as well as tre atment and plan of care for this disease. 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Ethical Principles free essay sample

NAEYC have a Statement of Commitment; however, isn’t part of the organization’s Code of Ethics; instead, it is used as a tool, for personal acknowledgement of an individuals willingness to embrace the distinctive values and moral obligations of the field of early childhood care and education. The primary focus of the NAEYC Code of Ethics is to provide a basic but solid structure for daily childcare and education practices with children and their families in programs for children from birth through 8 years of age in any possible setup for example: preschool and pre-kindergarten, child care centers, hospital and family child care homes; kindergartens, and primary classrooms. NAEYC has structure their organization on a commitment to the following core values: †¢Appreciate childhood as a unique and valuable stage of the human life cycle †¢Base our work on knowledge of how children develop and learn †¢Appreciate and support the bond between the child and family †¢Recognize that children are best understood and supported in the context of family, culture, community, and society †¢Respect the dignity, worth, and uniqueness of each individual (child, family member, and colleague) †¢Respect diversity in children, families, and colleagues †¢Recognize that children and adults achieve their full potential in the context of relationships that are based on trust and respect. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Principles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These core values represent the foundation for all childhood care and education and they are deeply rooted in the history of the same. As we can see the organization has ingrained a well established group of Ethics in the organizations mission and governance structure. The National Association for the Education of Young Children Code of Ethics ideals and principles adhere to the organization a conceptual framework of professional responsibilities that can be divided in four main levels of professional responsibility.

Who are the Norwegian Americans an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Who are the Norwegian Americans We, Norwegian Americans, are the successors of Norwegian immigrants who came to the United States in the later half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. We have the contribution of more than 4.5 million people in the population of America (Wikipedia). Though we were spread everywhere in America but mainly we live in the Upper Midwest and West. Need essay sample on "Who are the Norwegian Americans" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed We are supposed to be the first Europeans to discover America. Most of us who first migrated to America were farmers and fishers. Due to our quiet and simple way of living, we were oppressed in our homeland and the first group of us migrated to America in 1825 and after it was followed by others. That time it was considered that only the descendant of a Norwegian parent who had The US citizenship was a Norwegian American. University Students Frequently Tell EssayLab support:Who wants to write assignment for me?Professional writers suggest: Get Your Essay Before The DeadlineBuy Essay Online Cheap Writers For Hire College Essay Writing Service Cheap Reliable Essay Writing Service Now ethnic membership in the United States has turned into subjective through the new aspect of Census 2000, which is called subjective identification. According to this if anybody feels that he is a Norwegian American then he is. This rule says that anyone whether a black, an Eskimo or a Latino has the right to think that he is a Norwegian American. Migration: The main reasons that forced us to leave our country, Norway, were poverty, growth of population, national dependency, religious containment and fighting for the freedom from Sweden and World War I. For getting better living many of us left our old country. Economical condition became the major cause of migration. Social and Political differences between America and Norway compelled us to migrate to the United States. In Norway, social system used to be very strict. Lower status people had to show the respect to the higher class publicly. On the other hand the United States did not have such kind of discrimination so we found it an interesting place to live. Politically also we got more freedom in United States such as right of vote. Economically also we found this place much more attractive. In the United States there were many job opportunities and also the wages were higher than Norway. The earning potential was too good. Many newspaper and authors in Norway appreciated the job possibilities in America. In the period of 1864, The Bergenposten gave the advertisement for many mining jobs in Lake Superior region. Earlier Norwegian settlers in America used to send letters to their family members and friends back to their homeland about the advantages of living in the United States and request them to give them company. They were successful also in calling the higher rate of migrants to join them. First these migrants join the original Norwegian settlements but later they decided to move in the west direction where the land was abundant and not that expensive. Many farmers and laborers settled themselves there. After the Dakota conflict of 1862 and the Civil War Norwegian settlement expanded to the Minnesota River Valley where it was easy to find a land through the treaty of Traverse des Sioux. Consequences: December 19, 1894, the leading Norwegian newspaper, Scandinavian of Chicago published an article with the subtitle C.P. Railway Lures Norwegian Farmers Out into the Wilderness that said the story of the farmers in America how they had been unfortunate in the United States and were in debt over their ears. It said in details how the Canadians helped these farmers in paying of their mortgages. The paper also told how these poor farmers in Minnesota and Dakotas became debt prisons. In the United states the financial condition of farm laborers became terrible. It was estimated that by the period of 1910, approximately half of the farms in Dakota were mortgaged. In the area of Red River Valley, the tenants used to pay high rentals and the cost of the production was also high (Bjork, Kenneth O., 2005). On the other hand, high land value proved a boon to owners and they could sell their lands on good rates and equally could purchase a good land at lower prices. Immigrants faced different problems than the pioneers during the period of mass migration. They faced all kind of problems such as social, political and personal problems during the process of migration, assimilation and acculturation (Zempel, 1991, p. xi, xii). References: Bijork, Kenneth O., Scandinavian Migration to the Canadian Prairie Provinces, 1893-1994, 2005, Volume 26, P. 3 Norwegian Americans, Noams